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1、大学英语四六级讲义-四级写作第一节 大纲要求及分析大学英语四级写作基本要求基础阶段学生写作能力的基本要求为：能在阅读难度与课文相仿的书面材料时作笔记、回答问题、写提纲，能就一定的话题或提纲在半小时内写出120 150 个词的短文，能写短信和便条，表达意思清楚、无重大语言错误。写作能力测试部分比例为15%，体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。分析：四级作文范文档的要求是：切题。表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好。基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错。该要求蕴涵着大学英语写作的四个基本考点： 1、 切题所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式等方面满足题目要求，并在内容上没有偏差。2、 表达清楚、条理
2、清晰本要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点明确，有头有尾，论证说明安排有主次，有轻重。3、 文字通顺，连贯性较好本要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运用，要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。4、 基本无语言错误本要求考查学生语言基本功的掌握，包括语法与拼写两部分。第二节 评分原则与评分标准1. CET 4 检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。2. CET 4 作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring）方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores）, 而不是按语言点的错误数量扣分。3. 从内容和语言
3、两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而恰当地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否会造成理解上的障碍。4. 避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。5. 字数不足以应酌情扣分：（1）如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。（2）只写一段者：0 4分；只写两段者：0 9分。（指规定三段的作文）(1) 本题满分为15分。（按百分制算方便统计）(2) 阅卷标准共分五等：2
4、分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷12份。(3) 阅卷人根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分若认 为稍优或稍劣于该分数，则可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分)。但不得加或减半分。(4) 评分标准：2分条理不清思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或绝大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分基本切题。思想表达不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重的语言错误。8分一基本切题。思想表达比较清楚，文字尚连贯；但语言错误较多，其中有一些是严重错误。 11分切题。思想表达清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。思想表达清楚，文字通顺，连贯性较好，基本上无语言错误。仅有
5、个别小错误。 注：白卷，所写的内容与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分(5) 字数不足应酌情扣分：累计字数90 -9980 -8970 -7960-6950 -5949扣分123579注：如题目中给出主题句、起始句和结束句，均不得计人所写字数；只写一段者:0-4分；只写两段者:0-9分(指规定三段的作文)。(6)百分制与710分制换算标准：（710分制作文最低分为29分，满分为71分)百分制710分制标准分百分制710分制标准分百分制710分制标准分1571106. 510548153958. 51467100. 595176. 543755. 5136394.58487
6、233552.512609074567. 523349. 5115785. 56426313146. 502943.5例CET-4 (2005. 12)Directions： For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists! You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below ：1. 名校校园正成为旅游新热点2.
7、校园是否应对游客开放，人们看法不同3. 我认为 1.2. 评分实例：以下选用了 2005年12月CET-4的评分样卷，包括4篇不同档次的样文及简要评述，以方便考生 对照检查自己的作文水平。Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists? 【样卷1】得分：67分（14%）Currently, campuses of many famous universities are becoming one of the popular tourist attractions. It is reported that more and more peopl
8、e enjoy their holidays by visiting famous universities, such as Tsinghua University and Peking University.This phenomenon has exerted heated debates concerning Should university campuses be open to tourists”. They indicate that peoples opinions vary in a big way. Some people believe that it is a goo
9、d thing to open university campuses to tourists while others argue that it is not.Personally speaking, Im in favor of campus tourism. For one thing, tourists may derive lots of enjoyment from the beautiful scenes of famous universities. For another, the strong academic atmosphere may motivate touris
10、ts, particularly students, to work hard and persevere with their dreams. Moreover, for famous universities, being open to tourists may serve as an effective approach to attract talents from all over the country. In short, campus tourism will not only benefit tourists but also the development of the
11、universities.结构点评从题目规定和要求可以看出，这是一篇汉语提纲式作文。文章结构与内容已被限定，主要考查考生的语言功底及对知识的综合运用能力。从文章结构、内容来看，考生审题透彻，表达贴题，基本符合题目要求。文章共分三段，段段紧扣主题。第一段由两句组成，首先指出这种现象，即名校校园成为旅游新热点，然后描述越来越多的人假期中到名校参观游玩，从而进一步解释了这种现象。第二段说明人们对“校园是否应对游客开放”这一问题看法不一，有支持开放的，也有不支持的。第三段首先明确自己对这一问题的看法，即支持名校旅游然后从游客和学校两个角度阐述了三方面的原因，即欣赏美景、获得奋斗动力和吸引优秀人才。从衔
12、接和连贯的角度来看，本文中段与段、句与句之间的衔接自然、流畅，连贯性极强。首先，第二段首句This phenomenon has exerted heated debates concerning Should university campuses be open to tourists.承上启下，this phenomenon承接上文，而debates则引出下文，从而将第一、二段有机连贯起来。其次，第三段中首句同样是过渡句，将第二、三段有机连接起来。尤其需要指出的是，第三段中作者通过使用for one thing，for a nother两个短语和moreover这个单词列举了支持校园应对
13、游客开放的三个原因，而最后一句In short，campus tourism will not only benefit tourists but also the development of the universities.则对这三个原因作了总结，从而使整段内容环环相扣。这样看来，整篇文章衔接恰当，结构紧凑，浑然一体。从句式和用词来看，本文不乏精彩之处。首先，句式丰富，长句、短句、简单句以及复合句并存，应用和搭配比例恰当，有些句法用得很好，如enjoy their holidays by visiting famous universities，heated debates concer
14、ning和Should university campuses be open to tourists”。其次，文中的亮点词汇颇多，如exerted，concerning，indicate，vary，in a big way，argue，in favor of，derive.from，motivateto，persevere with，serve as，effective，approach，benefit等。【样卷2】得分：57分（11%）At present, a large number of people choose to visit famous universities, such
15、 as Tsinghua University and Peking University. As a result, famous universities campuses have become one of the tourist destinations. But should the university campus be open to tourists? As to this question, people have different opinions.Some people think that university campuses should be open to
16、 tourists since tourists can learn a lot of knowledge from them. Others think that they should not be open because universities are places for studying instead of touring.Im one of the members who object to opening university campuses to tourists. First, if university campuses are open to tourists,
17、the environment of the universities will possibly become dirty. Besides, many bad people will enter into the campuses and that will bring danger.结构点评文章贴题，思想表达清楚连贯，句子流畅，有数处闪光点。例如:作者在Im one of the members who object to opening university campuses to tourists. 一句中使用了定语从句，其中 object to 这一短语用得相当不错，univers
18、ities are places for studying instead of touring中，instead of 用得精彩。但是，本文语言过于平淡，有些语言不够地道，也有语法错误。例如:Besides，many bad people will enter into the campuses and that will bring danger.句中，若将bad 词改为dangerous，行文效果会更好，此外，enter是及物动词，所以应将enter into改为enter。【样卷3】得分:48分（8%）Famous universities campuses are now becom
19、ing the touring places. Lots of people visit famous universities in their holidays. So should the university campus be open to tourists?Different people have different ideas. For example，some people think university campuses should be open to tourists. Others think they should not be.How do I think
20、of this question? I think university campuses should be open to tourists. Universities are not only the places for their own students and teachers. They are public sources，too. So people should have the right to visit them. Many university campuses are beautiful. Tourists will enjoy them. Return bac
21、k from the universities，students work hard to go into the universities. So I think universities should be open to tourists.结构点评文章基本贴题，语言也算连贯，思想表达还算清楚，但是语言错误较多。例如：第一段中的in their holidays 应改为 during their holidays，第二段中的 Others think they should not be 改为 Others think they should not 较好，第三段 How do l thi
22、nk of this question? 一句中的 how 应改为 What。Return back from the universities，students work hard to go into the universities. 一句中犯有严重的语法错误，应使用连接词将两个分句连接起来，并且return后不能再跟back。此外，universities should be open to tourists 一句在文中重复的次数太多，带来不良的行文效果。【样卷4】得分39分(5%)Now people like visit famous universities. So famous
23、 university campuses becomes the tourists hot places.Should the university campus be open to tourists? Person does not have same ideas. Some people think the university campus should be open to tourists. Some people think they should not be open to.;I think the university campus should not be open t
24、o tourists. Because tourists will make the environment of campus bad. They harm students studying. Some have bad purpose，they do bad things. Though some tourists can learn something from the university campus，but I dont think that is the point. So I think it is not good to be open to tourists.结构点评本文
25、基本切题，但是思想表达不是很清楚，连贯性差，有太多的语言错误，the university campus should be open to tourists 句重复的次数太多。此外，本文字数偏少，不符合题目要求。第三节 应对策略与语言组织技巧一、文字通顺连贯英语中的过渡句和连接词是文章通顺连贯的重要标志，根据语法中的平行和从属结构原则，一个复合句中必须要有一个连接词，否则句子是不符合语法规则的。如：All flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train. 本句的两部分都有完整的主谓，但并没有连接词加以连接
26、，故是错误的，应改为：Because all flights had been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.或All flights had been cancelled, so the passengers had to go there by train.或用分词形式All flights having been cancelled, the passengers had to go there by train.由以上例子可以看出，复合句内部必须要有连接词，有时句子之间也需要连接词，而连接词体现的是句子内部和句子之
27、间严谨的逻辑和论证推理关系，是英文语言最大的价值之一。当然段与段之间还需要过渡句或过渡词组来加以联系，以达到通顺之效果。以下是我们对写作中英文逻辑关系以及引导各种逻辑关系连接词和词组的归纳：总结关系过渡词语generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some exten
28、t, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude 比较对比关系过渡词语similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way,
29、 on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 列举关系过渡词语for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, th
30、ird, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition （to that）, first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another 因果关系过渡词语because （of）, as, since, for, owing to, due
31、 to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in （from）, consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence 让步关系过渡词语although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that 强调关系过渡词语anyway, certainly, surely, obviously
32、, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt递进关系in addition, furthermore, also, moreover, besides, again, and, likewise, whats more时间顺序afterwards, at last, at length, immediately, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile,
33、 presently, shortly, since, soon, temporarily, thereafter, while方位序列in front of, beside, beyond, above, below, inside, outside, on the left, on the right方式手段as, as if, as though, the way，by目的关系that, so that, lest, in case, for fear that, in order that二、书写工整，避免严重语言错误。分析修改下面的作文：Traffic has became an s
34、ocially problem in big cities. Of course, have a car is a good think, but every people own a car, the streets will became too crowded. Traffic Jams occurred on the rush hours and accidents happened more often.One way to solving this problem is develop group transportion system. Such as, we should bu
35、y more bus and built more roads. And underground trains is also a good solution.Another way is to reduce the big citys population.Our country population control is the wise and necessary police. If big city people reduce, traffic will less crowded.写作中常见错误归纳语法错误u 时态错误在描述过去发生的事情时要用过去时，如果是一般事实应该用现在时。这些
36、语法规则是大家耳熟能详的，但落到笔下就容易忘记。 u 一致性，尤其是主谓搭配有些同学写下了主语，但是写谓语的时候就把主语扔到一边去了。比如写了 “The people”，后面的系动词却成了 “is”。集合名词（army, audience, cabinet, class, company, committee, crew, crowd, family, government, group, party, population, public, staff, team等）作主语，如果指整体，则谓语动词用单数；如果指具体成员，则谓语动词用复数。表示时间，距离，价格等的复数名词或短语，如果强调整体，
37、谓语动词用单数；如果强调具体数量，则谓语动词用复数。单数名词如果跟着along with, as well as, besides, but, combined with, except, in addition to, rather than等时，谓语动词用单数。但用eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, or等连接的名词作主语时，谓语动词需要与最近的那个主语保持一致。u 代词指代的一致如下面这个句子：Were going to meet a lot of difficulties, but I believe well overcome it. u
38、句子不完整有的同学写了上半句，就忘了下半句。所以写完一个句子以后要仔细再读一遍，如果觉得不对，需要回头补全句子。如People who know the harmfulness of smoking if they are careful. u 人称转换错误这个毛病是绝大部分同学都容易犯的。我们在写作时，一篇文章里面不能出现太多的人称。另外在我们的文章中最保险的人称代词是 “we”，因为 “we”可以指“你，我，她/他”任何人。而且如果用 “we”，那么最好通篇文章都用，即使要有所变化，也最多再用一个 “I”或 “they”就行了。 u 比较级使用错误不少同学使用形容词或副词的比较级时出现错误
39、，主要是因为中学的基础不是很牢固。如经常会看到这样的用法：more better thanThere are many advantages thanI have as much twice apples than you do u 冠词用法错误如：a easy job, City of the Beijing, He is a brightest student in his class. u 介词用法错误介词一般都比较简单，但往往是简单的词用法最多，所以也最难掌握。这些词的用法非常灵活，需要多读，多写才能正确掌握。如下面的句子：This machine is superior than （
40、to） the old one. The stamps I have are identical for his. In（On） condition that u 大小写错误一般来说，每一句的首字母应该大写，人名地名的首字母和专有名词的首字母大写。但有些同学容易忘记。如：it is well-known that smoking is harmful to peoples health.I went to beijing yesterday. How To Deal With The Problem Of Smoking is a huge task. 拼写错误这方面的错误相当普遍，而且较难根
41、除。因为大家背单词的时候有时背得并不牢。尤其是大家经常做客观题，只要知道应该选哪一个答案就可以了，并没有仔细背住单词的拼写。要解决这个问题，大家需要背单词时不仅能“识别”，而且能“使用”，需要多背多写。下面是一些经常容易搞混淆或拼错的单词：environment-环境，容易写成enviromentgovernment-政府，容易误拼成govermentmodern-现代的，容易拼成mordendelighted-感到高兴的; delightful-使人高兴的economic-有关经济的; economical-节俭的，经济的historic-有历史意义的; historical-关于历史的co
42、nsiderate-关心别人的; considerable-相当大的，相当多的sensible-合理的，可感知的; sensitive-敏感的credible-可信的; credulous-容易轻信的continual-持续的，中间有间隔; continuous-持续的，中间没有间隔satisfied-满意的; satisfactory-令人满意的tired-疲倦的，累的; tiresome-令人疲倦的farther-更远，表示距离; further-进一步，表示程度industrial-工业的; industrious-刻苦的，努力的respectable-受人尊敬的; respectful
43、-尊敬别人的; respective-各自的imaginary-想象中的; imaginative-想象力丰富的; imaginable-可以想象的 三、词语的使用选 词多用近义词 makemanufacturebuypurchase finishaccomplishendterminateuseutilizeloveaffectionagreeaccorddiscussioncontroversytellinformenoughsufficientspeedvelocitycarvehicleopenunclosechoicealternativeShe is not a friend bu
44、t a nodding acquaintance.区分具体与抽象的词词从语义上可分为具体与抽象两种类别，例如：抽象 具体goodkind, honest, generous, warm-hearted, selfless, friendlylaughsmile, chuckle, sniggerscientistphysicist, biologist, chemistfishshark, salmon, perch, eeltreeshrub, bush, pollard, oak, plane, pine, willow抽象词意范围大，概括力强，但给人以空洞的感觉，适合于文章的开头和结尾等
45、总结性部分。具体词意义有针对性、个性和精确性，给人以确切的概念，适合用于段落中细节的刻画，论点的阐述以及事物的描写。如果用抽象的词来表达具体的事物，便会给人笼统的感觉：a. 抽象: The man is good.具体: The man is selfless.b. 抽象: There are three men in the room.具体: There are three little boys in the room. 善于使用代词A scientist draws conclusions by studying the facts he collects.Such symbols as
46、 are used to represent chemical elements should be firmly kept in mind.四、句式变换在了解组织句子的四个特点之后，我们重点看一下句子组织形式的多样化，即在120150词内，尽量使用不同的句子形式，常用的句型如下：主语从句定语从句 （限定性和非限定性）状语从句 （时间，原因，地点，条件，让步等）分词短语做定语或状语强调句倒装句省略句What句型设问句主语和主语从句名词、代词、动名词、不定式以及名词性从句都可以作主语。后三种，学生在写作时用起来不是很熟练，但却很有价值，可以在很大程度上提高语言质量。下面我们看几组例句：动名词作主语Listening
