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1、Inaugural Address,John F. Kennedy,Unit 4,Teaching Objectives,To know the features of a political speechTo appreciate the language features of Kennedys addressTo acquaint the students with some famous English speechesTo take this speech as a good example to learn some techniques in writing a speech,T
2、eaching Focus,The difference between a speech and an argument Political backgroundBiblical and ancient Roman style writings and allusionsA round-about way in vague terms to convey political views which are not openly stated,Teaching Methods,Teacher-oriented teaching methodStudent-oriented teaching m
3、ethodThe elicited method,Teaching Procedure,. Introductory Remarks. Background Information. Learning Focus. Key words and Expressions. Explanation of the Text,. Division of the Text. The Writing Style. Rhetorical Devices. Exercises,Introductory Remarks,. Introductory Remarks,J. F. Kennedy addresses
4、a worldwide audience in his inaugural speech.He makes a general statement of basic policy goals.,The United States is prepared to pay any price, bear any burden, and meet any hardship to defend human rights, liberty and independence of free nations.He addresses different groups of allied nations or
5、would-be allies, as well as the United Nations.,He turns to his enemy, warning that the U.S. is prepared to oppose any foe at all costs, so theyd better negotiate and cooperate with U.S.He appeals to his countrymen and citizens of the world for support and sacrifice in order to defend human rights a
6、nd freedom.,President Kennedys finest masterpiece and one of the best speeches.It is a persuasive speech with the clear purpose: to explain, convince and persuade the people that what he is saying and what he is planning to do best represent their interests so they should support him.,Detailed Study
7、 of the Text,. Background Information,1. Brief Introduction to John Kennedy On November 22, 1963, when he was hardly past his first thousand days in office, John Fitzgerald Kennedy was killed by an assassins bullets as his motorcade wound through Dallas, Texas. Kennedy was the youngest man elected P
8、resident; he was the youngest to die.,2Inaugurationthe peaceful transfer of power from one individual to another going back to President George Washington the induction of the new president was scheduled on March 4, every fourth year since 1793,it has taken place on January 20 since 1937the inaugura
9、l ball in 1809four or five ballrooms in Washington,3. Solemn Oath “I do solemnly swear that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.”,. Learning Focus,To understand
10、 the political backgroundTo appreciate the biblical and ancient Roman style writings and allusionsTo understand a round-about way in vague terms to convey political views which are not openly stated,. Key words and Expressions,1. inaugural: a. of an inaugurationinauguration (n.), inaugurate (v.)the
11、professors inaugural lecture2. symbolize: v. to be a symbol of; stand for-In Europe, the color white symbolizes purity.,3. signify: v. to be a sign or indication of; mean -Recent changes in climate may signify that global warming is starting to have an effect.4. almighty: a. having unlimited power;
12、all-powerful -Almighty God / Father,5. prescribe: v. to set down as a rule or direction; order -what punishment does the law prescribe for corruption?6. abolish: v. to do away with completely; put an end to; -The legislature passed a law to abolish the surtax.,7. temper: v. to strengthen through exp
13、erience or hardship; toughen -Those soldiers had been tempered by combat.8. discipline: v. to subject to discipline; train; control -Students must learn to discipline themselves.,9. oppose: v. to resist; withstand; -Many members of the council opposed the building of the luxury houses in the center
14、of the city.10. assure:v. to make (difficult thing) certain; guarantee -I can assure you of the reliability of the news.,11. venture: n. a business project or activity, especially one that involves taking risks -a joint venture12. iron: a. cruel, merciless -iron discipline,13. renew: v. to go over a
15、gain; say again; repeat -I renewed my spirits in the country.14. forum: n. assembly for the discussion of public matters or current questions -The letter page of this newspaper is a forum for public argument.,15. shield: n. any person or thing that guards, protect or defends16. unleash: v. to releas
16、e or let go from or as from a leash leash: n. (lead esp. AmE) -All dogs must be kept on a leash in public places. leash: v. to control an animal, esp. a dog, with lead or leash,17. stay: v. restrain -The government tries to stay the progress of the disease.18. invoke: v. to ask solemnly for; beg for
17、; implore -I invoked their forgiveness.,19. eradicate: v. to get rid of; wipe out; destroy -Their goal was to eradicate the poverty in the countryside.20. testimony: n. form of evidence, indication; proof -These results are a testimony to your hard work.,21. shrink: v. to avoid or wish to avoid taki
18、ng action; be reluctant; withdraw -A shy man shrinks from meeting strangers.22. at issue: in dispute; to be decided; in disagreement -What is at issue is the extent to which exam results reflect a students ability.,23. at odds: in disagreement; quarrelling; antagonistic -He was at odds with his coll
19、eagues.24. cast off: to discard; abandon -The town is still trying to cast off its dull image.,. Explanation of the Text,Para.1: Kennedy emphasizes the importance of his election as president. It is not simply a victory of the Democratic Party over the Republican Party. It celebrates the freedom of
20、people to elect freely their own head of the state. It symbolizes the end of one presidential term and the beginning of new one. The presidency is continued, but the president has changed.,Para.2: Not only the administration has been changed, but the world has changed a lot.Para.3: Kennedy exhorts h
21、is countrymen and forcefully declares his determination to “pay any price” to defend human right and liberty at home and around the world.,Para.4: Like the preceding one, Kennedy addresses to friend and foe at the same time. It promise to support any friend and oppose any foe.Para.5: transition from
22、 the general countries to specific ones.,Para.6: It refers to those old allies with the same cultural and spiritual origins, esp. English speaking countries, such as Canada, Britain, Australia, New Zealand etc.,Paras.7&8: Kennedy addresses the governments and people of newly independent countries, t
23、he third world developing countries. He promise to give them economic aid but warn them not to go over the Communist.,Para.9: Kennedy addresses all the countries lying to South of the U.S. in central and south America. The U.S has always tried to dominate these countries and has quite often interfer
24、ed in their internal affair.,Para.10: Kennedy pledges his support to United Nations.Para.11-13: Kennedy addresses his enemy. He points out the destructive power of war and put forward proposal for arms control negotiation, cooperation in fields of science and space exploration.,Para.14-20: Kennedy p
25、uts forward his different proposals by employing the parallel structures throughout these paragraphs.,Para.21-27: Kennedy appeals to his fellow Americans to support him and be ready to do everything they can, even to sacrifice their lives, if necessary, for their country.,Main Points,The Appropriate
26、 Use of Wordsa. “To our sister republics” (para.9)b. “ make themselves adversary” (para. 11),1. Three ways to sway people 1) through evidence and reasoning; 2) through his own credibility; 3) through appeals to the peoples basic social, biological, and psychological needs, wants, and desires,2. The
27、deliberate use of a pseudo-Roman style and Biblical language a. “ and yet the same revolutionary from the hand of God.” (para.2) b. “Let the world go forth from this time and place (para.3),c. “to strengthen its shield of the new, which its writ may run.” (para.10) d. “And so, my fellow Americans yo
28、ur country.” (para.25),. Division of the Text,Part 1 Paras.1-5 : a general statement of basic policy goals.Part 2 Paras.6-9 : Kennedy addresses different groups of allied nations or would-be allies.,Part 3Paras.11-19: Kennedy speaks to his enemy.Part 4Paras. 21-27: Kennedy appeals to his countrymen
29、for support and sacrifice.,Summary of the Text,. The Writing Style,Well organized and highly rhetoricalVarious figures of speech The appropriate use of words, parallel and balanced structures,Repetition of important words and phrases, and antithesisDeliberate use of a pseudo-Roman style or Biblical
30、language in some places,Summary of the Text,-one of the best inaugural addresses-its object: to explain, convince and persuade people that what he is saying and planning to do best represents their interests so they should support him,-addressing a worldwide audience and appealing not only to the Am
31、erican people but also to the different groups of nations in the international community,-consisting of three parts: introduction, body and conclusion-extremely well organized, highly rhetorical and full of logical reasoning and emotional appeal,-various figures of speech -the appropriate use of wor
32、ds, -some structural rhetorical devices: parallel and balanced structures, repetition of important words and phrases-antithesis -for the sake of force, vividness and emotional appeal,Features of the Speech,-Mostly persuasion with very little explanation-To rely chiefly on a successful appeal to emot
33、ions-No time to cite facts and reasons which could convince-First to understand the psychology of the audience to whom he is directing his words,-To employ suitable rhetorical devices and words to create the desired emotional impact-Successful when the audience is excited and does not have much time
34、 to think or when the audience is ready susceptible to the message of the speaker-Political demagogy relies on emotional appeal for its success,. Rhetorical Devices,alliteration:friend and foe (para.3)pay any price, bear any burden,metaphor:torch-inspiration and idealsriding the back of tiger-seekin
35、g the aid of the socialist countriesthe master of its own house-Americathat fire can truly light the world-the energy, faith, devotion of American people,parallel:verb phrase-pay any price, meet any hardship, support any friend, and oppose any foe. (para.4)Paras.6, 7, 8, 10, 11 begin with the same t
36、ype of phrases: To those old alliesParas.15, 16,17, 18 begin with the same type of phrases: Let both sides,repetition:“all forces” and “belief” (para2)“committed” (para.3)“good” and “free” (para9)“beyond doubt” (para12),antithesis: A figure of speech which assumes a balanced structure and emphasizes
37、 a contrast in meaning by placing antonyms in parallel position, generally to produce a sound rhythm, and expresses great wisdom through brevity.,antithesis:“United, there is little, Divided, there is little.” (para.6)“If a free society cannotwho are rich” (para.8)“Let both sides exploredivide us.”
38、(para.15)“ask not what your country can do for youfor your country” (para.25)“ not as a call to battle,.” (para. 22),synecdoche: “that stay the hand of mankinds final war.” (para.13)rhetorical question: “Can we forge against for all mankind?” (para.23),Exercises,. Exercises,Oral PresentationMake a f
39、ive-minute presentation in class based on your research.Suggested topics: 1. The position of John F. Kennedy in American history 2. The Cold War,Discriminate between these synonyms.1. mortal, fatal, deadly, lethal2. faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resolute,1. mortal, fatal, deadly, lethalFatal i
40、f used to describe anything that is capable of causing or that actually has caused death; it carries a strong suggestion of the inevitability of fate An illness which might not be serious for a young person, but which will almost certainly prove fatal to an old person.,Deadly is interchangeable with
41、 fatal in this sense. Leukemia is a deadly diseaseDeadly, however, in a way that fatal cannot, can refer to a person who desires or seeks to cause the death of another person. The murdered man had many deadly enemies.,Mortal, like deadly, can be applied both to things or people that cause, are capab
42、le of causing, or seek to cause someones death. (Because of an ancient family feud, the two cousins had been mortal enemies from birth).,In its reference to things, mortal differs from fatal and deadly only in the fact that it is usually found in contexts which detail a death that has already occurr
43、ed. He was struck down by a mortal blow upon the head.,Lethal refers to something which, because of some intrinsic quality in its make-up, is certain to cause death, and may indeed exist for the express purposes of causing death.Cyanide is a lethal poison.,With the exception of lethal, all these wor
44、ds can be used to describe something that causes great fear or discomfort, or that brings about disaster or ruin, but that dose not lead to physical death.a fatal mistake; a deadly insult; in mortal terror.,2. faithful, loyal, constant, staunch, resoluteFaithful implies continued, steadfast adherenc
45、e to a person or thing to which one is bound by an oath, duty, obligation, etc. a faithful wife or husband,loyal implies undeviating allegiance to a person, cause, institution, etc. which one feels morally bound to support or defenda loyal friendconstant suggests freedom from fickleness in affection
46、s or loyalties a constant lover,staunch (or stanch) implies such strong allegiance to ones principles or purpose as not to turned aside by any causea staunch defender of the truth,resolute stresses unwavering determination, often in adhering to ones personal ends or aimsShe was resolute in her decis
47、ion to stay.,READ, THINK AND COMMENTThe following is part of Martin Luther Kings speech “I Have a Dream Address at March on Washington” delivered on August 28, 1963, in Washington, D.C. Read it and sum up and comment on his rhetorical devices.,Martin Luther King Jr.s speech “I have a Dream” is one o
48、f the greatest speeches in American history and one of the most famous around the world. The speaker uses a variety of rhetorical devices to give force and rhythm to his speech. The following are some of them.,Parallel sentence structures: “I have a dream today. I have a dream that”; “Let freedom ri
49、ng”; “With this faith”Repetition of key words: “together”Metaphors: “whose governors lips are presently dripping with the words”; “every valley shall be exalted, every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight”; “the jangli
50、ng discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood”; etc.,Quotation from “My Country, Tis of Thee”, also known as “America”, an American patriotic song.Words from the old Negro spiritual: “Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!”Biblical style: “the glory
