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1、Chapter1 Introduction to Industrial Engineering,Unit 1 Introduction to IEUnit 2 History of IEUnit 3 Academic Disciplines of IEUnit 4 Development of IE,Origin and Definition of Industrial Engineering,ManufacturingServicesOrigin of IEDefinition of IE,Manufacturing,Manufacturing is defined as making of
2、 articles by physical labor or machinery, especially on a large scale. by physical labor: a person with hand tools used craft skills to make objects. by machinery: it has played an increasing role.on a large scale: with the mass production,Services,Health-care delivery systems Transportation systems
3、 GovernmentsBanksDepartments and supermarkets,Characteristics of Services,Products are intangible Closely contact with customers High intensive-laborDifficult to evaluate performanceDifficult to control quality of services,Original of Industrial Engineering,EngineeringScienceIndustry,Engineering,Eng
4、ineering is concerned with the application of scientific knowledge to the solution of problems and to the quest for a “better life.” e.g.: the Egypt Pyramids, the Great Wall, the Roman constructionCivilChemical ElectricalIndustrialMechanicalMilitaryManufacturing NuclearElectronicComputerAeronautical
5、 AstronauticalBioengineeringAgricultural/Ocean,Science,Science is concerned with the quest for basic knowledge. e.g.:Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Social science (Behavior science, psychology, philosophy, sociology),Engineering and Science,Engineering and science have developed in a parallel
6、, complementary fashion, although not always at the same pace. Obviously, knowledge cannot be applied until it is discovered, and once discovered, it will soon be put to use. In its efforts to solve problems, engineering provides feedback to science in areas where new knowledge is needed. Thus, scie
7、nce and engineering work hand in hand.,Modern era of engineering,Beginning in 1750 ,Engineering schools appeared in France in the eighteenth century.The term civil engineer was first used in 1750 military engineering civil engineering mechanical engineering: steam engine electrical science:electrici
8、ty and magnetism,Definition of Industrial Engineering,Industrial engineering is concerned with the design, improvement, and installation of integrated systems of people, materials, information, equipment, and energy. It draws upon specialized knowledge and skill in the mechanical, physical, and soci
9、al sciences together with the principles and methods of engineering analysis and design to specify, predict, and evaluate, the results to be obtained from such systems,Understanding the definition of IE,Industrial: any organization integrated systems: a factory, a cityspecialized knowledge: mechanic
10、al, physical, and social sciences, the principles and methods of engineering analysis Objectives: to specify, predict, and evaluate, the results to be obtained from such systems,Understanding the definition of IE,Discipline character: Engineering tech. Research object: systems (macro/micro)Theory &
11、methods: mathematics, natural sciences and social sciencesObjectives & tasks: effectiveness & efficiency,Unit 2 History of Industrial Engineering,Formulation of Industrial Engineering Charles Babbage (巴贝奇，1792-1871) British mathematician and inventor of an analytical machine based on principles simi
12、lar to those used in modern digital computers. Division of labor, labor relations,Formulation of Industrial Engineering,Eli Whitney (1765-1825) American inventor and manufacturer whose invention of the cotton gin (1793) revolutionized the cotton industry. He also established the first factory to ass
13、emble muskets with interchangeable parts, marking the advent of modern mass production. Mass production system, interchangeable manufacture; the design and construction of new machines,Formulation of Industrial Engineering,Frederick Winslow Taylor (泰勒，1856-1915) American inventor, engineer, and effi
14、ciency expert noted for his innovations in industrial engineering and management. Analyze and improve the method of performing work, reduce the times required, and set standards (time study)The Principles of Scientific Management (1911),Formulation of Industrial Engineering,Frank B. Gilbreth (吉尔布雷斯，
15、1868-1924) the identification, analysis, and measurement of fundamental motions involved in performing work （motion study) This was a fundamental step in the development of industrial engineering as profession based on “science” rather than “art.”,Formulation of Industrial Engineering,Dr. Lillian Gi
16、lbreth (1878-1972) , wife of Frank .She witnessed and contributed to the birth, growth, and maturation of the IE profession. the first lady of engineering the first woman to be elected to the National Academy of Engineering,Formulation of Industrial Engineering,Henry Laurence Gantt (1861-1919)Americ
17、an engineerGantt chart The Gantt chart was a significant contribution in that it provided a systematic graphical procedure for preplanning and scheduling work activities, reviewing progress, and updating the schedule. Gantt charts are still in widespread use today.,Formulation of Industrial Engineer
18、ing,W.A. Shewhart Developed the fundamental principles of statistical quality control in 1924. This was another important development in providing a scientific base to industrial engineering practice.,Formulation of Industrial Engineering,Many other industrial engineering pioneers contributed to the
19、 early development of the profession. During the 1920s and 1930s much fundamental work was done on economic aspects of managerial decisions, inventory problems, incentive plans, factory layout problems, material handling problems, and principles of organization.,Scientific management,Peter Drucker s
20、ystematic work study,Chronology of IE,Characteristics and Functions of Industrial Engineering,Features of academic disciplineIndustrial engineering as a professionProfessional ethicsIE functions,Features of academic discipline,(1)Engineering(2) Cross-disciplines (3)Manufacturing and services oriente
21、d,Industrial engineering as a profession,(1)Associated with a profession is a significant body of special knowledge.(2) Preparation for a profession includes an internship-like training period following the formal education.(3) The standards of a profession, including a code of ethics, are maintaine
22、d at a high level through a self-policing system of controls over those practicing the profession.(4) Each member of a profession recognizes his responsibilities to society over and above responsibilities to his client or to other members of the profession.,Professional ethics,Engineers are frequent
23、ly involved in decisions that have a profound effect on society. The design of particular devices almost always involves the safety of the user. The design of the processes frequently affects the environment. The design and location of a factory affect the community and its citizens. The design of a
24、 management system greatly affects the individuals working for the organization their comfort, their sense of worth, their financial status, and so on.,IE functions,Production operations Management systems Corporate Services,Unit 3 Academic Disciplines of Industrial Engineering,Big five disciplinesM
25、anagement Operations ResearchSystems Engineering Statistics Ergonomics Manufacturing Engineering,Big five disciplines,Big five:civil, chemical, electrical, industrial, and mechanical engineeringOthers: nuclear engineering, electronic engineering, aeronautical engineering, computer engineering, astro
26、nautical engineering, environmental engineering, bioengineering, agricultural engineering and ocean engineering,Management,Production management-concepts and techniques specific to the analysis and management of production activity; how to analyze and design productive systems and the control proced
27、ures for efficiently operating such systems The training of a race car driver is analogous to management education: the design of the car is analogous to industrial engineering education.,Management,Planning OrganizingCoordinatingControllingencouragingCommunicating,Operations research,Definition of
28、O.R.Similarity to IENature of O.R.Categorization of O.R.,Operations research,Definition of O.R. The attack of modern science on complex problems arising in the direction and management of large systems of men, machines, materials, and money in industry, business, government, and defense. The distinc
29、tive approach is to develop a scientific model of the system, incorporating measurement of factors such as chance and risk, with which to predict and compare the outcomes of alterative decisions, strategies, or controls. The purpose is to help management determine its policies and actions scientific
30、ally.,Operations research,Similarity to IE IE and O.R. have commonalities. O.R. and IE indeed do have many of the same objectives and work on many of the same problems. The primary difference is that O.R. has a higher level of theoretical and mathematical orientation, providing a major portion of th
31、e science base of IE.,Operations research,Operations research,Nature of O.R. Mathematical involvemente.g.: economic order quantity （经济订货量） Plant location （工厂选址） Job evaluation Quality control Transportation programming problems,Operations research,Categorization of O.R.Deterministic ApproachAny time
32、 random variation is not allowedProbabilistic ApproachAny time random variation is allowed,Systems Engineering,Definition of a systemClassifications of systemsSystems of IE,Systems Engineering,Definition of a system A system may be defined as a set of components which are related by some form of int
33、eraction, and which act together to achieve some objective or purpose.,Systems Engineering,Classifications of systemsNatural vs. Man-Made Systems Static vs. Dynamic Systems Physical vs. Abstract Systems Open vs. Closed Systems,Systems Engineering,Systems of IE Industrial engineers design systems at
34、two levels. The first level is called human activity systems and is concerned with the physical workplace at which human activity occurs. The second level is called management control systems and is concerned with procedures for planning, measuring, and controlling all activities within the organiza
35、tion.,Systems Engineering,Systems of IEcybernetics Norbert Wiener (1894-1964), American mathematician who founded the field of cybernetics. control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine Claude Shannon (香农), Information theoryThe Mathematical Theory of Communication,Systems Engineering,Syst
36、ems of IENegative feedback e.g.:The most commonly used example of negative feedback is the thermostat. When the temperature drops sufficiently below some desired value, the thermostat initiates the heating portion of the cycle, and the heat is added until a temperature is reached that is greater tha
37、n the desired temperature. Heating is then stopped to permit cooling to negate the overheating. Negative feedback means that some action is taken to oppose or negate an unacceptable difference.,Systems Engineering,Systems of IENegative feedback e.g.:a conceptual model of negative feedback in managem
38、ent systems,Statistics,Statistics has been and will continue to be distinct from industrial engineering. However, the approach of industrial engineering has changed significantly; the world around us is viewed as probabilistic in nature rather than deterministic. By deterministic it is meant that al
39、l actions under consideration in a particular study situation are assumed to be certain. Probabilistic implies that at least one aspect of the study situation has a probability of occurrence associated with it that must be considered.,Ergonomics,Ergonomics previously called human factors, is A subdi
40、scipline of industrial engineering, closely associated with both industrial and experiment psychology. Human-machine system design: Physiological aspects of human performance Psychological aspects of human activities Human interface with the world of work,Manufacturing Engineering,Manufacturing Engi
41、neering may be defined as designing the production process for a product. Industrial engineering and manufacturing engineering are distinct and typical complementary functions in a manufacturing organization. Most firms need both functions represented in their organizations to be truly effective. If
42、 one tries to substitute one function for the other, the function omitted typically represents a weakness in that manufacturing organization that will likely limit the overall capacity of the technical effort in that organization.,Manufacturing Engineering,A typical manufacturing engineering departm
43、ent is composed of numerous technical professionals (mechanical engineers, thermodynamicists, material engineers, computer scientists, etc.). Each professional represents some part of the technical processes in use at that manufacturing plant.,Manufacturing Engineering,The machine to an industrial e
44、ngineer is a black box that has a production rate, yield rate, required operator skills, process capabilities, and other production system attributes. The industrial engineer is concerned with developing a production system that produces the required quantity of products at an appropriate cost and q
45、uality.,Manufacturing Engineering,The industrial engineering responsibility involves the integration of workers, machines, materials, information, capital, and managerial know-how into a producing system that will produce the right product, at the right cost, at the right time. Manufacturing enginee
46、ring technical talent is one of the underlying technical plant-supporting resources that guarantee success of that production system.,Manufacturing Engineering,In summary, it is necessary to know the technical details of each of the processes (i.e., manufacturing engineering) and then integrate all
47、the elements of a producing system (workers, materials, equipment, information, etc.) so that a quality product is made at the right time and cost (i.e., industrial engineering). -Industrial Engineering Tasks,Unit 4 Development of Industrial Engineering,Challenges of the futureDevelopment of industr
48、ial engineering Education of industrial engineering,Challenges of the future,learn to accomplish the engineers mission in recognition of these constraints (e.g. resources limited) design systems and processes that are compatible with our natural environmentdesigning products that are safe and reliab
49、le Increase productivityImprove product quality,Development of industrial engineering,Foundation of industrial engineeringWork study (time/motion study)ErgonomicsProduction management and material-flow EngineeringModern industrial engineering Modern manufacturing engineeringComputer and communicatio
50、n technologiesSystems engineering,Enrollment in The U.S. Universities,Source: Science & Engineering Indicators, 2002,Summary,Basic concepts: engineering, science, industrial engineering, manufacturing,manufacturing engineering, O.R., system engineeringOriginal and Formulation of IE Characteristics o
