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1、情态动词+虚拟语气,Eric,情态动词,情态动词是一类比较特殊的词汇，它本身没有固定的词义，需要和另外一个动词一起才能构成谓语，用来表示说话者的态度、语气等。除ought需要跟动词不定式外，其余情态动词后跟动词原形。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。可能性顺序：must will would ought to should can could may might can的用法1.表示能力（能做某事）Can you ride a bicycle?I cant promise anything, but I will do what I can.be able to 可以表示相同意思，并还可以明确表示未
2、来时间，甚至用于完成时Our baby will be able to walk in a few weeks.Since his accident he has not been able to walk properly.,情态动词,2.客观可能性（可以，可能做某事）I can call you tomorrow.Im afraid I cant go with you.3.有时会（不经常如此）Scotland can be very cold.It can be quite windy on the hill.4.可能，表示诧异，怀疑，不相信（多用于否定、疑问或感叹句）That cant
3、 be Mary- shes in hospital.Can he still be alive after all these years.后面有时跟完成时和进行时She cant be telling the truth.她讲的不可能是真话He cant have taken it upstairs.他不可能把它拿上楼了,情态动词,5.表示允许（和may的意思相近，口语can用的多）You can park here.You cant smoke here.could的用法1.作为can的过去式，表示过去的情况a.表示能力I could see her through the window
4、.也可用was/were able toHe said he had lost his passport and hadnt been able to leave the country.b.表示可能性（比can的可能性小）I thought I could smell something burning.,单击此处添加标题,2.用来代替can，说明现在情况：a.婉转的提出请求、想法、建议等：Could you send me an application form?申请表You could have a nursery here.b.用于疑问及否定句，表示惊异，不相信Could this b
5、e true? 这能是真的么？3.用于虚拟条件句You could get into university if you applied.If you tried you could do that work.4.could+完成时，用来表示过去的情况：a.表示“那时（不）可能”,情态动词,Dont worry-they could have just forgotten to phone.She could not have been more than 6 then.他那时不可能超过6岁。b.表示“本来可以”、“差点就”He could have sent a message. 本可以I
6、could have died laughing. 我差点笑死啦c.提出委婉的批评You could have been more considerate.本可以考虑更周到You could have told me beforehand. 你本可以事先告诉我,情态动词,may的用法1.用来提出问题，询问可不可以：May I use your phone?I may leave now, may not I?我现在可以走了，对吧？2.用于陈述句，表示“可以”You may come if you wish. 如果你愿意，你可以来You may not take photographs in t
7、he museum.3.表示“可能”He may have gone abroad.They may be waiting at the station.,情态动词,4.表示祝愿May you happy!May God be with you.Long may she live to enjoy he good fortune! 祝她长寿好运。5.短语a. may as well 不妨You may as well bring me a chocolate. 你不妨给我带一块巧克力b.may.but 或许但是They may be good reports, but they seem to
8、 lack facts. 报告或许不错，但似乎缺乏事实c.may well. 很可能His appearance has changed so much that you may well not recognize him.,情态动词,might的用法1.作为may的过去式a.表示“可以”He asked if he might use the phone. 是否可以用电话I thought you might stay with us. 我想你可以住我们这b.表示“可能”（或许会）He said he might be late.I guessed he might come tomorr
9、ow.2.代替may，比may更加委婉，谈及现在的情况：a.表示可以（用may时更多）Might I have a little brandy? 白兰地You might just call at(访问) the chemist(药店) on the way home.,情态动词,b.表示“可能、或许”He might tell his wife.She might still be waiting there.3.用于虚拟语气条件句The pills might have helped him, if he had taken them regularly.If you invited hi
10、m, he might come.If you didnt mind, we might go there.4.表示轻微的埋怨或批评Honestly, you might have told me! 说真的，你本可以告诉我They might at least have phoned if they are not coming. 要是不来了，至少打个电话啊,情态动词,5.用于might as well，表示“不妨”We might as well go together.Shall we walk?-We might as well.must用法1.表示“必须、一定、得”（多指现在或将来情况
11、）The work must be finished by the end of the week.I am afraid I must be going.否定形式表示“不得、一定不要”You mustnt take photographs in here.Cars must not park in front of the door.注：表示过去的情况可以换为had to，虽然must也可表示过去情况,情态动词,2.表示推想，“一定、准是”You must be hungry.I must have left my cheque book as home.3.表示“应当”（和should、o
12、ught意思相近）We must think of this matter very seriously.ought 用法ought总是和to连用，表示：1.应当，应该（意思接近should）I ought to write to him today.Ought I to write to say thank you?,情态动词,注：后面的不定式可接完成时、进行时或被动2.表示揣测She ought to pass the exam. 应当能过The water ought to have boiled by now.shall, will, should, would兼有助动词和情态动词作用
13、will的用法1.用于将来时2.用于疑问句表示请求：Bring me the newspaper, will you?Wont you take off your coat?,情态动词,3.其他意思a.愿意，肯I will have nothing to do with this matter. 我不愿和这事扯上关系b.决心，承诺I wont let her down in any way. 不会做对不起她的事c.习惯，倾向These things will happen. 这样的事总要发生d.命令，叮嘱You will stay here till you are relieved. 放你走
14、你才能走e.表示猜测That will be the postman at the door.门口想必是邮差,情态动词,would的用法1.作助动词的用法a.用来构成过去将来时态b.用来婉转的提出请求、问题、看法：Would you help us?Lets fix a day. Would Saturday night suit you?2.用于虚拟语气3.用于过去情况，表示“愿意、肯、会”（will的过去式）4.过去的习惯动作和倾向（will的过去式）5.表示猜测I would say she is about 40.我猜她40岁。,情态动词,6.一些固定结构would like=woul
15、d love 想 would hate to do 不愿意 would prefer to do 愿意would rather do 愿 would sooner do 宁愿shall的用法1.作助动词用法：主要用于第一人称，构成疑问句征求对方意见：、Shall I turn on the light? 要不要我把灯打开What shall we do this evening?2.shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁You shall fail if you dont work hard.(警告)He shall have the book when I f
16、inish it.(允诺)He shall be punished.(威胁),情态动词,should的用法1.情态动词-表示“应该”（接近ought to），后可接完成时You should try that new restaurant.You should not have trusted him so readily. 你不应轻易相信他2.委婉语气I should be grateful for your help.I should like to phone my lawyer.3.“竟然”I find it quite astonishing that he should be so
17、 rude to you. 我惊讶他竟然对你如此无礼4.虚拟语气5.表示猜测,情态动词,need的用法1.情态动词用法a.用于否定句中，表示“不必”：You neednt make 2 copies.b.用在带有否定意思的句中Nobody need be afraid of catching the disease.I dont think you need take it too seriously.c.构成疑问句Need I tell Tom?Why nee you go today? 你为什么今天就得走,情态动词,2.作及物动词，表示“需要”，后跟：a.名词或代词All living t
18、hings need waterb.不定式I need to get some sleep.c.动名词His hair needed cutting.d.复核宾语I need my coat mended.,情态动词,dare的用法1.做情态动词用法：dare表示“敢”，这时没有人称形式变化，但是有过去式dared。主要用于：a.否定句（有时借助助动词，不定式可带to也可不带）I darent ask her to marry me. 我不敢求她嫁给我He doesnt dare (t0) say anything. 她什么都不敢说They didnt dare (to) disobey. 他
19、们不敢不服从也可用在带有否定意思的句子中：no, hardly, never, seldom.No one dared speak of it. 没人敢提及此事b.疑问句或条件句Dare you interrupt him? 你敢打断他么 Jump if you dare.How dare you speak to me like that! 你怎么敢对我这样讲话If you dare speak to me like that again, you will be sorry. 你会后悔的,情态动词,c.用于I dare say., dont you dare(你敢！)引导的句子中I dar
20、e say you are right. 我认为你是对的Dont you touch that vase. 不准碰那花瓶2.作及物动词：a.敢做某事He dared to walk the tightrope without a net. 他敢不用安全网踩钢丝b.敢于面对、尝试He will dare any danger. 他敢于面对任何危险be able to 的用法1.表示能力时，可以和can互换，而be able to 可以用于更多时态，接情态动词或做非谓语。,情态动词,have to 的用法1.have to的意思接近must， must强调个人意愿，have to表示客观上的必要性
21、，译为“不得不”，否定译为“不必”2.have got to do意思与have to差不多had better 用法1.用法接近情态动词，跟动词原形，表示“最好”Wed better go before it gets dark.had better be dong 表示立即做某事Wed better be getting out clothes ready. 我们最好马上把衣服准备好2.had best had betterWe had best have his opinion first. 我们最后先听听他的意见,虚拟语气,虚拟语气是一种表示假设状态的句型，分为四种基本分类a.纯条件的
22、虚拟语气b.与现在事实相反地虚拟语气c.与过去事实相反地虚拟语气d.与将来事实相反地虚拟语气1.纯条件虚拟语气基本句型：if从句动词用现在时，主句为现在时助动词跟动词原形If + 主句 + 一般现在时动词，主语 + will/can/may/should/shall/must/ought to + 动词原形表示：若if的条件存在，就会有预期的结果。纯条件句的副词连接词不只if,还有once一旦，when当，before，as soon as, unless，用法相同,虚拟语气,Once I have money , I will buy a car.一旦我有钱，我会买辆车。 现在时动词 现在时
23、助动词When he finish it , he may come.他做完事，就可以来了。As soon as he arrives , I will let you know .他一到，我就会让你知道。I wont do it unless you help me.除非你帮助我，否则我不会去做这件事I will not do anything before he arrives. 他来之前，我什么都不会做助动词均为一般现在时，should为唯一例外2.与现在事实相反地虚拟语气基本句型：if从句的动词用过去时，主句则用过去时助动词If + 主语一般过去时动词，主语would/could/mi
24、ght/should/ought to 原形动词.表示与现在事实相反的情况。一见到一般过去时句型出现时，我们就可确知事实并非如此。不论主语为第几人称，if从句中的be动词均使用were。If I were rich , I would help you 如果我有钱，我就会帮助你If you were in my shoes , what would you do ? 如果你站在我的立场，你会怎么做？If 1 could fly , I would fly to you 如果我能飞，我会飞向你。,虚拟语气,3.与过去事实相反地虚拟语气基本句型：if从句的动词要用过去完成时，主句则是助动词的过去时
25、再加上“have过去分词”If 主语 + had + done，主语would/could/might/should/ought to + have + done表示与过去事实相反的情况，一见到此类过去完成时的句型出现时，我们就确知当时的事实并非如此。If 1 had arrived earlier , 1 could have met him .要是当时我早点到J就可以见到他了If he had taken your advice, he would have avoided making the mistake. 要是他当时听了你的劝告，就会避免犯了这个错注：区分if + 主语had名词和
26、 if + 主语had过去分词。前者为与现在事实相反的虚拟语气，译为“有”，主句中置一般过去时的助动词即可；后者为与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，译为“曾经、已经”，主句使用“过去时助动词have过去分词”。,虚拟语气,4.将来事实相反地虚拟语气if从句一定要加助动词should , if二should ”译成“万一”。若假设的可能性很低，则主句要置过去时助动词（和与现在事实相反的虚拟语气相同），但若假设的可能性很高，则主句要用现在时助动词（与纯条件虚拟语气相同）。a低可能性：If主语should原形动词，主语+would/could/might/should/ought to原形VIf you s
27、hould fall ill , the meeting would be put off .万一你生病，会议将延期。-你不太可能生病,会议不太可能延期b.高可能性：If主语should原形V , 主语 + will/can/may/should/ought to + 原形vIf you should fall ill , the meeting will be put off. 万一你生病，会议将延期。-你可能会生病，而会议亦可能延期。表示与将来状况相反的虚拟语气，亦可与祈使句形成的主句连用。If I should be late , be sure to wait for me. 万一我迟
28、到，务必要等我。 我可能会迟到，你务必要等我。,虚拟语气,5.其他注意事项(1)虚拟语气的省略：虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had, should, were 等词提到主语之前If she had been here five minutes earlier she would have seen her old friend. Had she been here five minutes earlier she would have seen her old friend. If she were here, she would attend the meeting too. Were
29、 she here, she would attend the meeting too.(2)可取代if的其他连接词：if = in case (that）,on condition that, provided / providing ( that ) , so long as（只要）,as long as（只要），此类连接词通常只用在表纯条件的虚拟语气中。(3)but for. 若非要不是此类句型仅限于与现在事实及过去事实相反的虚拟语气。,虚拟语气,a.与现在事实相反：若非就But for名词, 主语could/would/might/should/ought to + 原形Vb.与过去事
30、实相反：若非当时.就.But for名词, 主语could/would/might/should/ought to + have + done注：But for 一可用介词without代替(4)lest. (should). 以免 lest 为副词连接词，引导状语从句。在该从句中，助动词一律用should。而should往往予以省略，故该从句中的动词必定是原形动词。lest.should.=for fear that + 主语 + may原形V（表现在或将来的状况）/might原形V（表过去的状况）=for fear of十动名词You must study hard lest you sh
31、ould fail the exam.= You must study hard for fear that you may fail the exam. = You must study hard for fear of failing the exam.你必须用功念书，以免考试不及格。,虚拟语气,(5)as if.=as though. 仿佛a.表示极大的可能，动词使用一般时态It looks as it (as though) it is going to rain 看起来好像要下雨了b表与现在事实相反，动词使用一般过去时（did, were）Mr.Wang loves me as if
32、(as though)I were his own child. 王先生爱我就像我是他的孩子一样c表与过去事实相反,动词使用过去完成时(had done)He looked as if(as though) nothing had happened. 他看起来就像什么事都没发生过一样d. 表与将来事实相反，动词使用would/should/could.+do(6)What if .should .? 是的话会怎样/要怎么办？表示对将来状况存疑的虚拟语气。 if从句多置助动词should。,虚拟语气,What if he should come? 要是他来了怎么办What if it shoul
33、d rain? 要是下雨了，怎么办？(7)It is time + that从句的一般过去时：It is time/about time/high time + that 从句一般过去时 该是的时候了It is time (that) he went to bed. 该是他上床睡觉的时间了本句暗示现在该是他睡觉的时候了，但他却没有睡觉。其动作与现在事实相反，故用一般过去时。It is high time our children learned some manners.(8)if only. 要是就好了只用于与现在事实或过去事实相反的虚拟语气中。换言之，本句型的时态只能用一般过去时或过去完成
34、时。If only he were here. 要是他现在在这里就好了If only I had known it earlier. 要是我早点知道这件事就好了,虚拟语气,(9)wisha. wish之后接that从句时，一定要使用虚拟语气。对现在的希望：从句谓语用一般过去时；对过去的希望：从句谓语用过去完成时；对将来的希望：从句谓语用wouldcould/should/might+动词原形。换言之，that从句中的时态绝无一般现在时。I wish I were a teacher.He wished he hadnt said that. I wish it would rain tomor
35、row.b.I wish (that)真希望 就好了I wish I had studied harder when young. 真希望我当时能更用功就好了(10)hopehope之后接that从句时，使用一般时态，表示极大的可能性。即表示现在的状况时用现在时，表示将来的状况时用将来时，表示完成的状况时用完成时J表示进行的状况时用进行时。a表示现在的状况,虚拟语气,I hope (that) he is safe. 我希望他安然无恙b.表示将来的状况：I hope he will be back. 我希望他会回来c表示进行的状况：I hope they are having a good t
36、ime.我希望他们正玩得很愉快d表示完成的状况：I hope they have finished the work.我希望他们已经把工作做好了(11)对过去事物的猜测的三种句型a. must have + 过去分词 一定曾经 He is learned; he must have received a good education.他博学多闻，一定受过良好的教育,虚拟语气,b. may have 过去分词 可能曾经 He looks tired; he may have stayed late last night. 他看起来很疲倦，可能昨晚熬夜到很晚c . cannot have过去分词
37、不可能曾经He is honest ; he cannot have stolen Marys money. 他是老实人，不可能偷了玛丽的钱(12) didnt need tov原形 ”与“ need not have + 过去分词”的区别： didnt need tov原形” 表示过去的事实，即“不必 同时亦没有如此做” ;而“need not have + 过去分词” 表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，即“不必 但却这么做了”As 1 had enough money , I didnt need to borrow any from him .由于钱够，我当时不必向他借钱。 而且我也没借Si
38、nce you had enough money , you neednt have borrowed money from me, but why did you still borrow some ? 既然你的钱够用，你原本不必向我借贷，但为什么你还是借了些钱呢,虚拟语气,(13)意志动词：“建议” 、 “要求” 、 “命令” 、 “规定” 、 “主张”等五大类。之后用that从句作宾语时，由以从句中要使用助动词should，而should往往予以省略。a建议：suggest 、 recommend 、 advise 、 urge（呼吁）、 propose 、 move（提议）b要求：as
39、k 、 desire 、 demand 、 require 、 request 、 insist（坚持要求）c命令：order 、 commandd规定：rule 、 regulate 、 stipulatee主张：advocate 、 maintain圆：They suggested that he（should）come home on time. 他们建议他准时回家Mary desired that Peter（should）treat her nicely. 玛丽请求彼得好好待她The mayor ordered that the police officer（should）be in
40、vestigated 市长下令要调查那名警官The principal ruled that no student (should) play truant . 校长规定学生不准逃学,虚拟语气,(14)suggest 、 insist 、 maintain的另类用法：suggest若表示“暗示” 、 insist若表“坚信” 、 maintain若表示“坚决认为”时，则之后的that从句用一般时态。His words suggested that he wasnt telling a lie. 他的话中暗示他绝不是在说谎He insists that the job isnt so diffi
41、cult as one may think. 他深信这份工作没有一般人想象的那么困难John maintained that he had met the girl before. 约翰确信他曾经见过那女孩(15)表示“有必要的”形容词，修饰that从句时，该从句亦须使用助动词should，而should往往予以省略。此类形容词通常有8个：necessary（有必要的）、 important（很重要的）、 essential（不可或缺的）、imperative（有绝对必要的）、 urgent（紧急的）、 desirable（合意的）、recommendable（值得推荐的）、 advisable（明智的）It is necessary that he (should) work hard . 他必须努力工作,虚拟语气,(16)that从句若是置于意志动词变成的名词之后，而与该名词形成同位语时，that从句中也要使用助动词should，而should往往予以省略。It is my suggestion that he（should）study abroad 我建议他出国念书,
