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1、Useful structures,语法详解： 所谓主谓一致是指主语和谓语动词之间,即主语的人称和单复数形式决定着谓语动词对应的形式。,The boy _ diving.,They _ diving.,Both Jack and Tim _ diving.,All of them _ diving.,Neither Jack nor Tim _ walking.,is,are,are,is,are,Finish the following exercises:,Bob,Bob _ a worker.,is,Mike,Mike and Bob _ workers.,are,Both Mike a
2、nd Bob _workers.,are,Neither Mike nor Bob _a teacher.,is,Bill,Neither of them _ (know) how to teach English.,knows/know,All of them _ workers.,None of them _ (know) how to teach English.,are,knows/know,主谓一致主要有以下几种情况：,1. and连接两个或两个以上单数名词或者代词作主语的时候,谓语动词有以下两种情况：He and she _both students of this school.
3、 Tom and mary are good friends 如果指两个或两个以上不同的人或事物的时候,谓语动词用复数。,一、语法一致原则,are,(2) 但如果连接两个以上的名词指的是同一个人或物, 或者指同一概念的时候, 谓语要用单数。 1.The writer and singer has come to our school . The knife and fork _on the table. 刀叉在桌子上。Salt and water盐水 needle and thread 针线 bread and butter黄有面包 表示一种事物,(3)有and 连接的单数并列主语前有no ,
4、each,every ,many a 修饰后用单数例如： no boy and no girl like the book each boy and each girl here is clever,2. 如果主语是单个不定式, 动词ing形式或从句的时候,谓语动词一般用单数。When he is coming seems very important. 他什么时候要来看起来很重要。 Collecting stamps is his hobby. 收集邮票是他的爱好。 To learn english well is very important where he comes from and
5、 where he will go are not known .,3. with, along with, together with, as well as, besides, rather than ,like, without, except, but, including 谓语动词的数看这些词前的主语例如：The teacher, together with his students, is planting trees in the street. his parents as well as he are going to take a trip,4. 定语从句的关系代词who,
6、 which, that在从句中作主语时，要与先行词的人称和数保持一致。 Those who enjoy singing may join us. Tom, who is your friend, should help you. he is one of my friends who are fond of music he is the only one of my friends that is fond of music,either . or; neither . nor; not only . but also, whether.or在句子中连接主语的时候在或there be句型中
7、,谓语动词要和就近的主语保持一致。,二、就近原则,Neither you nor I am wrong. There are two chairs and a desk in theroom There is a desk and two chairs in the room,Not only the students but also the teacher wishes for a holiday.,三、概念一致原则,所谓概念一致原则是指谓语动词和主语一致不是取决于主语的语法形式, 而是其实际意义。有的主语名词在形式上是单数, 但在意义上却是复数；有的主语名词在形式上是复数, 但在意义上却
8、是单数。,1. 集合名词作主语, 动词可用单数, 也可以用复数。主要由句子的意思决定。强调整体谓语动词用单数；指全体人员时, 动词则用复数。这一类常见的集合名词有public, family, class, crowd, population, team, group。,His family _going out. 他们全家要外出。His family _all music lovers. 他们全家人都是音乐爱好者。,is,are,2. 某些名词如people, police, cattle等,形式上是单数, 但意义上是复数, 谓语动词应用复数。people指“民族”时是例外。 The pol
9、ice are searching for a thief. The cattle are eating grass on the hill.,3.表示时间重量长度价值等名词的复数做主语，谓语用单数 1.thirty years is not long in history 2. 5,000 kilometres is a long distance,4. 有些名词的单数和复数形式一样, 作主语的时候, 其谓语动词由上下文决定, 这一类名词有: means, works, deer, fish, sheep, Chinese, Japanese等。 Not every means is use
10、ful. 不是每种方法都好使。 Not all means are useful. 不是所有的方法都好使。,5. the rest of; half of; part of; majority of; percent of; one third of在句子中加名词作主语的时候,谓语动词与of后面的名词保持一致。,Half of the students _finished theircomposition. 一半的学生已经完成了他们的作文。Half of the apple _bad. 一半的苹果坏了。About 60 percent of the students in ourschool
11、_boys. 我们学校, 大约百分之六十的学生是男生.,have,is,are,6. 某些名词如clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等, 通常只用其复数形式, 但当它们被a pair of 修饰时, 谓语动词用单数。如: The pair of shoes is worn out. 这双鞋破了。 The shoes are worn out. 鞋子破了。,某些名词以s结尾如maths, politics, physics, news, plastics 等，谓语动词应用单数。 Physics is a very interesting subject. 物理是一门
12、很有趣的学科。,四.特殊代词 1.不定代词复合不定代词作主语, 谓语动词要用单数，如someone ,somebody, something, anybody, anyone, anything, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing。Someone is asking for you. 有人找你。 Nothing is found in the room. 在屋子里什么也没找到。,2.Neither 和either和none None of the money is spent on education None o
13、f the stories is /are interesting Neither of them likes english 口语也用like,Every boy and every girl in the class is diligent. 班级中的每个男孩女孩都很用功。No sound and no voice is heard. 听不到任何声音。,注意：以a number of 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数; 以the number of 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。 A number of new books are on the desk. The number of studen
14、ts in you class is 50.,2. 表示数量的one and a half 后, 名词要用复数形式, 但是其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。例如： One and a half bananas is left on the table.,1. this kind of book = a book of this kind (这种书) , 其谓语用单数; 短语this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men (口语) (这一类人), 但this kind of men 的谓语用单数, men of this kind
15、 和these kind of men 的谓语用复数, all kinds of 后跟复数名词, 谓语用复数形式。例如：,应该注意的几个问题:,This kind of men is dangerous. Men of this kind are dangerous.2. 在主谓倒装的句子中,谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。例如: Between the two windows hangs a picture.,3. “分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语以及由“ a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps
16、of, half of + 名词”构成的短语作主语时,其谓语动词要与短语中of 后面的名词的数保持一致,这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词,而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。例如:,Lots of damage was caused by fire.About three-fourths of the earths surface is covered with water.Three-fifths of the workers here are women.和这种情况类似的还有“a number of + 名词复数”。但是,“the number of + 名词”的中心词却是number。试比较：,
17、A number of students have gone to the countryside to help with the autumn harvest.The number of pages in this book is two hundred.,注意:a (large) quantity of 修饰可数或不可数名词, 其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。A large quantity of people is needed here.,quantities of 修饰可数或不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词一般用复数。例如:Quantities of food (nuts) w
18、ere on the table.短语in quantity, in large quantities 意为 “大量”; in small quantities 意为“少量”。,4. a great deal of, a large amount of, 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词通常用单数; large amounts of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词通常用复数。例如:,A large amount of (A great deal of) damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of mone
19、y were spent on the bridge.,6. 如果主语由“the + 形容词(或过去分词)”结构担任时,谓语通常用复数;这类词有: the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dub, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed 等; 但也有少数的过去分词与定冠词连用时指个别,则用单数。例如：,The blind study in special school.The
20、 departed(死者)was a well-known engineer.这类形容词或分词如果要表示个体时,就要与名词man, person 或表示人的单数连用。例如: an old man, a rich person, the (a) wounded soldier.,高考链接,1. As a result of destroying the forests, a large _ of desert _ covered the land.(上海2001） A. number; has B. quantity; has C. number; have D. quantity; have,
21、B,精析：a large number of 后面要接复数名词，所以A不能作为答案。因为desert是单数，所以要填 has。这句话的意思是“毁坏森林的结果是，大片沙漠覆盖了陆地”答案 B,2. _ of the land in that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海2000) A. Two fifth, is B. Two fifth, are C. Two fifths, is D. Two fifths, are,C,精析: 分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数词表示.如果分子大于1, 分母序数词后加-s. 分数和百分比作主语时,谓语动
22、词的形式取决于分数和百分数后面的名词.句子中的主语 land是单数,所以谓语动词要用is covered. 答案C.,3 - Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _ to go to university. - So do I.（全国1998） A. hopes B. hope C. hoping D. do hope,A,精析：这句话的主语是 Each of the students，是单数，所以要 hopes 选作谓语。现在分词短语working hard at his or her lessons 作状语，表
23、示伴随的情况。有的考生盲目地把 lessons 当成了主语，填写了hope，发生了错误。本题的译文：每一个努力学习的学生都想上大学。我也是。答案 A。,4. _ people in the world are sending information by e-mail every day.（上海2001） A. Several million B. Many millions C. Several millions D. Many million,A,精析: 在million前如果有具体的数字或 several等词时，要用单数形式。 many一般不与 million等词连用. 表示“数百万”，
24、英语为 millions of。这句话的意思是“每天，世界上有几十万人通过 e-mail传递信息。”答案 A。,5.The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons. (NMET96) A. were; was B. was; was C. was; were D. were; were,C,6. The number of students in this school _ by 5% every year.(MET92) A. rise B. raise C.
25、rises D. raises the number of+复数可数名词作主语，表示的数目(数量)，谓语动词用单数；a number of+复数可数名词作主语，表示许多，谓语动词用复数。,C,7. A good deal of money _ spent on books.(MET84) A. have B. has C. have been D. has been,D,9. A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift. (MET90)A. is offered B. has offered C. are offer
26、ed D. have offered,A,10. E-mail, as well as telephone, _ an important part in daily communication. (上海99) A. is playing B. have played C. are playing D. play,A,11. Nobody but Jane _ the secret. (MET86)A. know B. knows C. have known D. is known12. All but one _ here just now. (MET87)A. is B. was C. h
27、as been D. were,D,B,13. Either you or the headmaster _ the prize to these gifted students at the meeting.(上海94) A. is handing out B. are to hand out C. are handing out D. is to hand out,D,14. Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one examination after another.(MET87) A. is B. are C. am
28、 D. be,B,15. She is one of the few girls who _ in the kindergarten.(上海94) A. is well paid B. are well paid C. is paying well D. are paying well,B,16. He is the only one of the students who _ a winner of scholarship for three years.(上海2002春) A. is B. are C. have been D. has been,D,17. _ of the land i
29、n that district _ covered with trees and grass.(上海2000) A. Two fifth; is B. Two fifth; are C. Two fifths; is D. Two fifths; are,C,分数或百分数+of+名词作主语时,谓语动词的数与名词的数一致。,18.When and where to build the new factory _ yet.(MET91) A. is not decided B. are not decided C. has not decided D. have not decided,A,动名词
30、、不定式或从句作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。,倒装句及there be句型中，谓语动词往往与最邻近的一个主语保持一致。,19.There _ no life on the moon. (MET92) A. is said to have B. are said to have C. is said to be D. are said to be,C,20. Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons，_ to go to university.(上海98) A. hope B. hopes C. hoping D. hope
31、d,B,either/neither/each+of+复数名词作主语，谓语动词用单数。,21. A group of _ are eating _ and _ at the foot of the hill. (NMET95) A. sheep; grass; leaves B. sheeps; grasses; leaves C. sheep; grass; leaf D. sheeps; grass; leafs,A,22.Every possible means _ to prevent air pollution, but the sky is still not clear. (上海2000春) A. is used B. are used C. has been used D. have been used,C,单复数同形的名词作主语时，依照意义一致的原则，表示单数意义时，谓语用单数；反之，谓语用复数形式。这类名词有：sheep, deer, means(方法、手段),works(工厂),species(种类),
