分享托福写作中的经典词汇.doc

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1、分享托福写作中的经典词汇 托福考试词汇是基础,这点大家烂熟于心,今天给大家带来了分享托福写作中的经典词汇,希望能够帮助到大家,下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。分享托福写作中的经典词汇At First 起初After A While 一会儿After That 那以后After That 那以后After/Before Dark 天黑后/前Afterward 后来As A Young Man 当是个年轻人的时候As Early As 早的时候As Soon As 一就At Last 终于At The Age Of 在岁的时候Before, The Other Day 几天前Earlier, Un

2、til Now 直到现在Early In The Morning 大清早Eventually 最终Finally 最后Immediately 立即、马上In No Time 不一会儿In The End 最后Lately 近来Later 后来Meanwhile=In The Meantime=At The Same Time 在此期间、同时Next 接下来One Afternoon 一天下午One Day 有一天One Morning 一天早晨Recently 最近Since Then 自从那时起Soon 不久Soon/Shortly After 之后不久Suddenly=All Of A S

3、udden 突然Then 然后To Begin/Start With=In The First Place 首先、第一点托福语法:独立分词结构(1)一、“with+名词(短语)+分词”结构最近我看到一篇*,题目是“手机打破社会禁忌”(Mobile phones breaks social taboos),讲的是手机对人们生活礼仪的改变起到了不好的作用。比如说到准时赴约的问题,英国的一项调查显示,越来越多的人认为,约会迟到并不算失礼,只要给先到者打电话说一声就行。对于每星期累计让同事或朋友等候47.2分钟,每年累计等候37.8小时,很多受访者都认为这并不算过分。在2000名受访者中,将近40%的

4、人认为,现在守时已不如过去那么重要了,因为就算晚几分钟,也可以用手机通知对方。超过四分之一的人坦言,与朋友和家人见面时,他们并不按时离家赴约,因为晚了还可以打个电话说抱歉,或者发条短信了事。5个人中就有一个承认,曾经在最近的一次约会中迟到。三分之一的受访者认为,让朋友等20分钟是可以的。可是,这种拖拉的现象已经蔓延到了社交之外。受访者中有十分之一的人承认,他们在找工作面试的时候都曾经迟到。调查还显示,伦敦是最不守时的城市,有41%的受访者承认他们历来很少准时,而在全英国,这样的人占28%。卡迪夫是最守时的城市,只有19.8%的受访者说他们总是迟到。曼切斯特都市大学的社会心理学家戴维霍姆斯说:“

5、良好的守时习惯正在成为被遗忘的社交礼节,新的一代都认为迟到很正常,不是应该避免的失礼行为。”他还说:“手机打破了很多社会禁忌,人们在交谈中接听手机,或者在如厕时大聊特聊。这又一次证明现代科技对我们的行为产生了影响。”London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent. Cardiff was the

6、 most punctual city where 19.8 per cent stated that they were typically late.David Holmes, a social psychologist at Manchester Metropolitan University, said: “Good timekeeping is becoming a forgotten social etiquette, with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that sh

7、ould be avoided.”“Mobile phones have broken many social taboos, with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet. This again demonstrates the effect modern technology has on our behavior.”我们看到,在上面短文里有这样三个分词短语:(1). with 41 per cent of respondents admitting th

8、at they were hardly ever on time(2). with a new generation considering lateness the norm rather than a faux pas that should be avoided.(3). with people answering calls in the middle of a conversation or chatting away on the toilet.而且它们有这样的共同结构:介词with +名词短语 + 分词。这是英文里非常重要的一个结构,就是常说的“独立主格结构”的一种,因为是由分词

9、构成的,所以也叫“独立分词结构”。这种结构主要是用作状语,它可以表达的意义主要有两类:一是表示伴随状况、补充说明、具体举例等;二是表示原因。下面具体说明。二、表示补充说明等我们先来看上述短文中的例句:(4). London was found to be the least punctual city, with 41 per cent of respondents admitting that they were hardly ever on time, compared with the national average of 28 per cent.妙语点睛:这句话的主句部分说“Lond

10、on was found to be the least punctual city(伦敦是最不守时的城市)”,接下来就采用了独立分词结构“with 41 percent of respondents admitting”来为这一结论提供数据支持,即分词短语起着补充主句的作用。精品译文:伦敦是最不守时的城市,有41%的受访者承认他们历来很少准时,而在全英国,这样的人占28%。我们再来看下面的例句:(5). When asked, “Do you consider yourself an optimistic or pessimistic person?”, 53 per cent of the

11、 students replied, “optimistic,” with 21 per cent choosing “pessimistic,” and 26 per cent “unsure”.妙语点睛:这句话的主句部分是说明“乐观”的人数,通过独立分词结构“with 21 per cent choosing “pessimistic,” and 26 per cent “unsure”.”来补充说明剩下的人的选择。精品译文:当问道“你觉得自己是乐观的人还是悲观的人”时,53%的学生回答了“乐观”,而有21%的人选择了“悲观”,剩下26%的人则回答“不确定”。托福语法:独立分词结构(2)一

12、、独立分词结构与状语从句我们都知道,分词是英语里很重要的一种连词成句的手段(其他的手段还有介词和连词),独立分词结构作为分词的一种特殊结构,在英语造句方面也起着重要作用。对于这一重要造句规则,有很多读者来信提问,他们往往不明白为什么会有独立分词结构这样的造句规则。要回答这个问题,首先,我们要明白,独立分词结构在句中都是用作状语,可以表示各种意义,比如表达时间、原因、让步等等。因此,独立分词结构与状语从句有着密切联系。下面我就通过比较独立分词结构和状语从句,来分析独立分词结构的由来。请比较下面例句:(1). a. As so many directors were absent, the boa

13、rd meeting had to be put off.b. So many directors being absent, the board meeting had to be put off.妙语点睛:在a句中,使用了一个由as引导的原因状语从句;在b句中,使用的是“名词(so many directors)+分词(being absent)”这样的独立分词结构。所以,我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个原因状语从句。这里名词短语“so many directors”是分词短语的逻辑主语,句子主语是“the board meeting”。这里b句是2000年一道四级考题,原题是“So m

14、any directors _, the board meeting had to be put off”,四个备选项是:A. were absent, B. being absent, C. been absent, D. had been absent。有读者会问:这里为什么不用谓语动词were absent或had been absent?而要用非谓语动词being absent这样分词形式?这里因为逗号“,”后边已经有了一个完整的陈述句“the board meeting had to be put off”,又因为英语里逗号不能连接两个句子的,所以逗号前面只能是短语的形式,故要用分词

15、短语being absent,而不是谓语were absent或had been absent。以下例句中b句均由于此原因而采用了分词形式。精品译文:由于有很多董事缺席,所以董事会只好延期举行。(2). a. When the machine malfunctioned, the worker called someone to fix it.b. The machine malfunctioning, the worker called someone to fix it.妙语点睛:在a句中,使用了一个由when引导的时间状语从句;在b句中,使用的是“名词(the machine)+分词(m

16、alfunctioning)”这样的独立分词结构。所以,我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个时间从句。这里名词短语“the machine”是分词短语的逻辑主语。精品译文:机器出故障之后,这位工人找了人来修。(3). a. Although the machine still functioned, we didnt think it was practical to use.b. The machine still functioning, we didnt think it was practical to use.妙语点睛:在a句中,使用了一个由although引导的让步状语从句;在b句中

17、,使用的是“名词(the machine)+分词(functioning)”这样的独立分词结构。所以,我们看到这里独立分词结构替代了一个让步状语从句。这里名词短语“the machine”是分词短语的逻辑主语。精品译文:尽管该机器还能运转,但是我们认为它已不适用了。从以上例句,我们可以看出,独立分词结构与各种状语从句有密切关系,或者可以说,采用分词短语,是简化状语从句的一种手段。二、独立分词结构的连句功能当然,分词的连句功能不仅是体现在与状语从句的关系上面,还表现在其他方面,此时分词短语并不对应于某一个状语从句。请看例句:(4). a. Karens boss makes all the ke

18、y decisions. Karen only makes the small ones.b. Karens boss makes all the key decisions, while Karen only makes the small ones.c. Karens boss makes all the key decisions, Karen only making the small ones.妙语点睛:我们看到,这里a句是两个独立的陈述句,但由于两句在逻辑意思上有对照关系,所以我们可以用连词while连接,于是有了b句。而这种对照关系,我们可以通过分词短语表达出来,所以,我们可以进

19、一步将其改写成c句。我们看到,这里的分词短语并没有对应于某个状语从句。这里,分词短语“Karen only making the small ones”即是一个独立分词结构,其逻辑主语是“Karen”,而句子的主语是“Karens boos”。精品译文:所有重大决策都是由Karen的老板做出,而Karen只是做一些不重要的决策。(5). Most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese peoples lives in their different aspects, the emphasis being on the co

20、untryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest Chinas Yunnan Province.妙语点睛:这是一篇人物传记里的一段话,是写一名画家的*。这个句子分为两部分,“Most of his works today reflect his observations of Chinese peoples lives in their different aspects”,这是一个简单句,谓语是reflect。另一部分“the emphasis being on the c

21、ountryside lifestyles of the northern Shaanxi and Tibetans in Zhongdian, in southwest Chinas Yunnan Province”,这是一个独立分词结构:逻辑主语是the emphasis,分词being,因为这里逗号不能分割两个独立的句子,所以后边用了being,而不是谓语is。另外,这里emphasis和上文中observations是呼应的,是说在他“考察”Chinese peoples lives时,重点是放在the countryside lifestyles of .。这里独立分词结构表示强调说

22、明。精品译文:他大多数作品是反映了他对中国人民生活方方面面的观察,尤其是中国农村生活方式的观察,这包括陕西及云南中滇藏民的生活方式。以上我们讨论的句子,都是既可以采用分词短语也可以使用独立分句。下面我们来看看有些句子不便用简单陈述句,而要用独立分词结构。(6). His nose bleeding and his hands shaking, he left the theater.妙语点睛:这里独立分词结构“His nose bleeding and his hands shaking”是表示“他”离开剧院时的状态,称之为伴随状语,修饰动词left,即是伴随left同时进行的动作或状态。此时

23、,我们不便将其改成两个独立句子,比如:His nose was bleeding and his hands were shaking. He left the theater.这样一改写,前后两个句子关系非常松散,且不明确。或者我们通过加词这样说:He left the theater like that.当然,这显然没有独立分词结构来得简单、明了。精品译文:他离开剧院时,鼻子留着血,双手也在颤抖。(7). “No, I cant accept payment for what I did,” the Scottish farmer replied, his eyes blinking at

24、 the strange Japanese dollar bills.妙语点睛:这里独立分词结构“his eyes blinking at the strange Japanese dollar bills”是表示“他”在回答时的状态,同样是伴随状语,修饰动词replied,即是伴随replied同时进行的动作或状态。此时,我们要想将其改成两个独立句子,此能加一些词这样说:“No, I cant accept payment for what I did,” the Scottish farmer replied. His eyes were blinking at the strange J

25、apanese dollar bills as he uttered the words.即这里我们加了一个从句“as he uttered the words”才能表达出分词所要传达的伴随逻辑关系。显然,不用分词结构使句子变得复杂。精品译文:“不,我不能接受这些工钱”,说这话时,这位苏格兰农夫眨眼看着这些陌生的日元钞票。综上所述,我们看到,采用独立分词结构,可以使句子变得精炼、紧凑,这也是往往在书面语里多使用分词结构的原因。本期讨论的是“名词+分词”这样的分词结构作状语,上一期讨论的是“with+名词+分词”这样结构作状语。分词作状语还有第三种结构,即直接用分词作状语,分词前面没有名词出现,

26、这是一种更常见的分词结构,我们在下期详细讨论。托福PPTest2语法题笔记篇PP Test 2 语法题笔记Test 2 1401. Sand is formed by the weathering and decomposition of all types of rock, _ most abundant mineral constituent being quartz.A. and itsB. since itsC. itsD. it is答案:C分析及考点:独立主格结构。后面句子没有谓语,所以不用连词,A,B错,D形成句子跟主句间又没有连词,且与being冲突。参考译文:沙子是由各种各样

27、的石头风化和分解而形成的,它含量最多的矿物质是石英。2. _ in the daytime for most of the year, the groundhog hibernates in a burrow during winter.A. Is activeB. That it is activeC. ActiveD. While is active答案:C分析及考点:考状语的省略结构。全句的主语是groundhog,谓语hibernates。A谓语不能单独存在。B that it is错误结构。D缺从句主语。参考译文:土拨鼠一年中很多时候在白天都很活跃,到了冬天就在地洞中冬眠了。3. T

28、he wood of elm trees is used in shipbuilding and in _ barrels, furniture, flooring, and sporting goods.A. to makeB. as madeC. makingD. to have made答案:C分析及考点:and连接两个对称的结构,且介词后面应该跟动名词。参考译文:榆树的木头用于造船和桶、家具、地板和运动器材的制作。4. In 1867 Russia sold Alaska to the United States, and in 1958 _ the forty-ninth state

29、.A. Alaskas becomingB. Alaska becameC. when Alaska becameD. Alaska to become答案:B分析及考点:and连接对称结构前后都是完整句子。参考译文:1867年俄国把阿拉斯加卖给了美国,而阿拉斯加在1958年成为美国的第49个州。5. Almost _ countries use the decimal system.A. allB. all ofC. all of whichD. of all答案:A分析及考点:all和all of的用法。泛指的时候用all,特指复数用all of。参考译文:几乎所有的国家都用十进制系统。6

30、. _ allows the skin and thus the body to be cooled.A. Sweat evaporatesB. When sweat evaporatesC. Sweat, the evaporation of whichD. The evaporation of sweat答案:D分析及考点:句子缺主语,allows是谓语。所以A,B错。C中的sweat 和evaporation不形成同位语结构,而且of which不存在的定语从句结构。参考译文:汗的蒸发使得皮肤继而是躯体变凉。7. Activities such as writing down notes

31、 will generally lead to faster learning _just listening to or reading facts.A. thanB. than isC. whereasD. in that答案:A分析及考点:比较结构极其特点。参考译文:象记笔记的做法一般比仅仅听或读现象能导致更快的学习。8. The Dallas Civic Opera has earned _ since its initial production debuted in 1957.A. an international reputation andB. an international

32、 reputation wasC. what an international reputationD. an international reputation答案:D分析及考点:动词earn的用法,及物动词直接跟名词宾语和名词宾语补足语。Since这里是从句。A中and不存在对称结构。B中was使句子形成两个谓语。C中不构成what从句。参考译文:Dallas Civic Opera自从它1957年首次开张以来,一直享有国际性声誉。9. Born in Akron, Ohio, in 1846, Henry Eugene Abbey became the _ of the Metropoli

33、tan Opera House in New York City in 1883.A. first manager wasB. first managerC. manager who firstD. manager was the first答案:B分析及考点:介词短语结构。Of前面加名词。参考译文:1846年在Akron, Ohio出生,Henry Eugene Abbey1883年成为在纽约的Metropolitan Opera House的第一任主管。10. A covered bridge is built of wooden timbers _ supporting trusses

34、and a floor and are protected from weather by a roof.A. when formB. so formC. formD. that form答案:D分析及考点:定语从句。Form是动词谓语,所以要么有从句,要么是并列结构,A的话从句没有主语。参考译文:有屋顶的桥是用木料建造的,木料建成支持框架和地板,并有一个屋顶使其避免受恶劣天气影响。11. Although _ with herons or storks, cranes are distinguished from these birds by bare red areas or orname

35、ntal plumes on their heads.A. they are often confusedB. how often they are confusedC. that they are confused oftenD. are they confused often答案:A分析及考点:状语从句。词序正常。主谓清楚。参考译文:尽管鹤经常会被混淆成苍鹭或鹳,他们还是能通过头顶的裸露的红色区域或装饰羽毛跟那些鸟区分开来。12. More battles were fought in South Carolina _ in any other state during the Ameri

36、can Revolution.A. asB. althoughC. thanD. but答案:C分析及考点:比较级。参考译文:美国革命中在南卡罗来那州发生的战斗比其他各州都要多。13. Cotton is grown throughout the world, and _ year about 50 million bales, weighing nearly 500 pounds apiece, are produced.A. eachB. aC. by aD. in which答案:A分析及考点:每个。的表示。参考译文:棉花生长在全世界各地,每年生产有大约5千万捆,每捆重近500磅的棉花。

37、14. Based on a device used in naval vessels, the automatic pilot contains gyroscopes _ references for an airplanes course.A. providesB. that provideC. that providingD. and to provide答案:B分析及考点:定语从句。参考译文:根据用于海军舰船上的设备,自动航行系统包括为飞机课程提供参考的陀螺仪,15. American Sign Language contains over 4,000 signs _ is used

38、by over half a million people.A. andB. althoughC. wheneverD. also答案:A分析及考点:前后部分形成对称结构,用and。参考译文:美国标记术语包括4千多个标记符号,有超过50万人在使用。16. _ founded the American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its president until 1904.A. Clara Barton, whoB. Although Clara BartonC. It was Clara BartonD. Clara Barton答案:D分析及考点:句

39、子缺主语,and连接对称结构。参考译文:Clara Barton在1881年创建了美国红十字会,并担任了会长直到1904年。17. _ two air masses with different characteristics meet, an area called a “front” develops.A. WhatB. There areC. WhenD. Being答案:C分析及考点:主句在后半部分。A中what不形成引导从句,B形成主句而不是从句。D跟动词meet矛盾。C形成正确的状语从句。参考译文:当两种有不同特性的气团相遇的时候,一个成为“前区”的区域形成了。18. Todays

40、 farmers use irrigation, fertilizers, large machines, and other technology _ high crop yields.A. in the productionB. for productionC. to produceD. produce答案:C分析及考点:动词use的用法,use sth to do sth。不定式表目的。参考译文:现今的农民使用灌溉、施肥、大型机器和其他技术来产生高的作物产量。19. _ served as secretary of war under the Articles of Confederat

41、ion and also, in George Washingtons administration, under the United States Constitution.A. When Henry KnoxB. It was Henry KnoxC. Henry KnoxD. Henry Knox, who答案:C分析及考点:句子缺主语。D中who不形成定语从句。参考译文:Henry Knox供职为战争秘书,在联邦条款和乔治华盛顿管理的美国宪法的领导下。20. The course of the Missouri River marks the _ of continental gla

42、ciation.A. approximate southern limitB. limited, approximately southernC. southern limit and approximatelyD. limit that approximately southern答案:A分析及考点:介词of 结构中前面主体是名词。Limit是名词参考译文:密苏里河的行进路线标注了大陆冰河作用南部的大致边界。21. About three-quarters of the state of Indiana is covered by _.A. which farmlandB. such far

43、mland is thereC. farmlandD. it is farmland答案:C分析及考点:介词后面直接跟名词参考译文:印第安纳州大约3/4是农场。22. Also called the painted cup, the Indian paintbrush gives forth tiny flowers that are mostly green, while _ brightly colored.A. its leavesB. it leaves beingC. are its leavesD. its leaves are答案:D分析及考点:while引导的句子缺主谓。参考译

44、文:印第安人的画笔,也被称为着色的杯子,描绘的小花大多是绿色的,花的叶子会被明亮的着色。23. _ 70 species of cockroaches in the United States.A. Since aboutB. Are aboutC. AboutD. There are about答案:D分析及考点:句子缺主谓。参考译文:美国有大约70中蟑螂。24. _ difficult to achieve centrifugal forces thousands of times as great as the force of gravity.A. There is notB. Whi

45、le notC. What is notD. It is not答案:D分析及考点:形式主语结构。It是句子中不定式的形式主语。参考译文:实现等于重力千万倍的离心力不是很难。25. In the early nineteenth century a Conestoga wagon on a poor road could economically _ light, fairly high-value goods over short distances.A. only while carryingB. carry onlyC. it was only to carryD. only carrying its答案:B分析及考点:句子缺谓语。情态动词

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