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1、第七讲 雅思阅读标题题下,标题选择题的五大原则：,原则1 用排除法筛选答案。排除与本段无关的新概念，排除本段提到的的小细节。,原则2 以段为单位，先完成细节题，再归纳段意。说明 也就是说，一段话中很可能包括选择、判断等细节题，先逐行寻找细节题的答案，到段落结束时再概括段落大意。,原则3 注意文章与选项之间的同义词或原文反复强调的内容。,原则4 注意原文和选项中所包含的数字、比较、原因或结果关系。,原则5 备选项不复选，只使用一次。因此，凡是已选过的项都可以排除。,14. Paragraph A 15. Paragraph B 16. Paragraph C Example Answer Par
2、agraph D iv 17. Paragraph E 18. Paragraph F 19. Paragraph G Example Answer Paragraph H xi,Looking for a Market among Adolescents A In 1992, the most recent year for which data are available, the US tobacco industry spent $5 billion on domestic marketing. That figure represents a huge increase from t
3、he approximate 250-million budget in 1971, when tobacco advertising was banned from television and radio. The current expenditure translates to about $75 for every adult smoker, or to $4,500 for every adolescent who became a smoker that year. This apparently high cost to attract a new smoker is very
4、 likely recouped over the average 25 years that this teen will smoke.,B In the first half of this century, leaders of the tobacco companies boasted that innovative mass-marketing strategies built the industry. Recently, however, the tobacco business has maintained that its advertising is geared to d
5、raw established smokers to particular brands. But public health advocates insist that such advertising plays a role in generating new demand, with adolescents being the primary target. To explore the issue, we examined several marketing campaigns undertaken over the years and correlated them with th
6、e ages smokers say they began their habit. We find that, historically, there is considerable evidence that such campaigns led to an increase in cigarette smoking among adolescents of the targeted group.,C National surveys collected the ages at which people started smoking. The 1955 Current Populatio
7、n Survey (CPS) was the first to query respondents for this information, although only summary data survive. Beginning in 1970, however, the National Health Interview Surveys (NHIS) included this question in some polls. Answers from all the surveys were combined to produce a sample of more than 165,0
8、00 individuals. Using a respondents age at the time of the survey and the reported age of initiation, age they started smoking, the year the person began smoking could be determined. Dividing the number of adolescents (defined as those 12 to 17 years old) who started smoking during a particular inte
9、rval by the number who were “eligible” to begin at the start of the interval set the initiation rate for that group.,D Mass-marketing campaigns began as early as the 1880s, which boosted tobacco consumption six fold by 1900. Much of the rise was attributed to a greater number of people smoking cigar
10、ettes, as opposed to using cigars, pipes, snuff or chewing tobacco. Marketing strategies included painted billboards and an extensive distribution of coupons, which a recipient could redeem for free cigarettes. Some brands included soft-porn pictures of women in the packages. Such tactics inspired o
11、utcry from educational leaders concerned about their corrupting influence on teenage boys. Thirteen percent of the males surveyed in 1955 who reached adolescence between 1890 and 1910 commenced smoking by 18 years of age, compared with almost no females.,E The power of targeted advertising is more a
12、pparent if one considers the men born between 1890 and 1899. In 1912, when many of these men were teenagers, the R.J. Reynolds company launched the Camel brand of cigarettes with a revolutionary approach. . Every city in the country was bombarded with print advertising. According to the 1955 CPS, in
13、itiation by age 18 for males in this group jumped to 21.6 percent, a two thirds increase over those born before 1890. The NHIS initiation rate also reflected this change. For adolescent males it went up from 2.9 percent between 1910 and 1912 to 4.9 percent between 1918 and 1921.,F It was not until t
14、he mid-1920s that social mores permitted cigarette advertising to focus on women. . In 1926 a poster depicted women imploring smokers of Chesterfield cigarettes to “Blow Some My Way”. The most successful crusade, however, was for Lucky Strikes, which urged women to “Reach for a Lucky instead of a Sw
15、eet”. The 1955 CPS data showed that 7 percent of the women who were adolescents during the mid-1920s had started smoking by age 18, compared with only 2 percent in the preceding generation of female adolescents. Initiation rates from the NHIS data for adolescent girls were observed to increase three
16、fold, from 0.6 percent between 1922 and 1925 to 1.8 percent between 1930 and 1933. In contrast, rates for males rose only slightly.,G The next major boost in smoking initiation in adolescent females occurred in the late 1960s. In 1967 the tobacco industry launched “niche” brands aimed exclusively at
17、 women. The most popular was Virginia Slims. The visuals of this campaign emphasized a woman who was strong, independent and very thin. . Initiation in female adolescents nearly doubled, from 3.7 percent between 1964 and 1967 to 6.2 percent between 1972 and 1975 (NHIS data). During the same period,
18、rates for adolescent males remained stable.,H Thus, in four distinct instances over the past 100 years, innovative and directed tobacco marketing campaigns were associated with marked surges in primary demand from adolescents only in the target group. The first two were directed at males and the second two at females. Of course, other factors helped to entrench smoking in society. . Yet it is clear from the data that advertising has been an overwhelming force in attracting new users.,练习剑七T2P3Q27-30剑六T1P3Q27-32,
