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1、连 词 (Conjunction),连 词 (Conjunction),一、连词定义: 用来连接词、短语或句子的词。 e.g. I study English and Chinese. Does he work at school or in the hospital? I get up early, but my brother gets up late.,二、连词分类：并列连词从属连词,连词：and, but, or, so, (for),连词词组: eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, bothand, (as well as),that，whe
2、ther, if, unless, while / when, until, because, so that, sothat, though/ although, even if, asas 等,并列连词列表转折性连词列表从属连词列表,连 词,1 并列连词与并列结构判断改错：They sat down and talk about something. FThey started to dance and sang. F I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. FShe plays not only the piano, but the
3、 guitar. TNeither you nor he are to blame. FMake up your mind, or youll get the chance. FThere is no air and water in the moon FNot only he like reading stories, but also he can even write some. F We will die without air and water. FWe cant live without air and water. TSome people love cats, when ot
4、hers hate them. FThey were not the bones of an animal, and (the bones) of a human being. F,并列连词列表andbutnorsoyethowever hence then fororneverthelessnevertheless aswellas notonly.butalso both.and neither.nor either.or consequently 表示转折意思-表示因果关系-表示并列关系,转折性连词列表 besides so generally speaking in fact inde
5、edon the contrary of course in short in this way that is because moreover on the other hand but however yet although at the same time insteadeven so for example in addition for instance namelybecause of as a result for this reason therefore thus表示重复，强调和结论比较或对比提出例证因果关系,从属连词列表,并列连词表示词，短语， 从句或句子之间具有并列关
6、系。 可以表示平行关系，转折关系，选择关系 和因果关系。,and (和) both and（和,两者都）neither nor（既不也不）not only but also(不但 而且)as well as (和, 也, 除外, 而且),1.表示平行关系的连词：,判断改错： (错) They sat down and talk about something.(错) They started to dance and sang.(错) I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there.,2.表示转折关系的连词:,but while (而, 虽然) y
7、et (可是) however (而) whereas (而) nevertheless(然而, 不过) but表示转折，while表示对比。Some people love cats, while others hate them.典型例题- Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- Id like to, _ Im too busy.A. and B. so C. as D. but,答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。,3.表示选择关系的连词,or(或则,否则) or else(否则)
8、 otherwise(要不然) eitheror(或者 或者)rather than (而不是),4.表示因果关系的连词,so for thus(因此) hence （因此） therefore （因此）consequently（因而，所以）,二.从属连词是用来引导连接主句和从句的连词。 分为引导名词性从句的连词和引导状语 从句的连词。,1. 引导名词性的从句,(1). that,whether,if 不充当成分.,(2). 连接代词 who, whom, which, what 充当主, 宾, 定, 表语等.,(3). 连接副词 when, where, how, why 状语.,2. 引导
9、状语从句的连词,(1). 时间: when, while, as 当时 when+瞬间,延续性动词 while+延续性动词 as+瞬间,延续性动词 “一边一边” till/until, once, as soon as(一就), the moment/instant(一就), no sooner than hardly when,(2). 原因: as because for since,For语气最弱, 引导的分句放在句末.Because 语气最强, 句首,句末均可.As(因为) 置于句首.Since(既然) 通常置于句首.,(3). 地点: where, wherever,(4). 条件:
10、 if, unless= if not, so/as long as suppose(that)假使 on condition that如果 provided/ providing (that) 倘使, 如果,now that(既然) considering that,(5). 让步: though/ although不与but连用. as(尽管), even if/ though (即使) however(无论怎样), whatever no matter how/ who/ which,Although/though 和as(尽管) 的区别:Although/though引导的从句用正常语
11、序.As 引导的从句用倒装语序, 即把as从句中的表语,状语或动词原形提至主语前.,尽管天气冷,可他仍继续工作.,Though it was cold, he went on working.,= Cold as (though) it was , he went on working.,尽管你读得快, 你也不能在三天内读完这本书.,Fast as you read, you cant finish reading the book in three days.,Although you read fast, you cant finish reading the book in three
12、days.,不管他怎样努力, 还是摆脱不了困难.,Try as he might, he could nt get rid of the difficulty.,三、用法 1.并列连词 - 连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。 常见的有：(1)表并列关系的and, bothand, not onlybut also, neithernor，as well as（也，和）等。(2)表选择关系的or, eitheror等。(3)表转折关系的but, however等。(4)表因果关系的for, so等。,考点一：1）判断改错： They sat down and talk about somethi
13、ng. They started to dance and sang. I saw two men sitting behind and ate there.,F,F,F,eating,sing,talked,and (“和，并且”) 与 or (“否则”),“and” 连接平行结构。,（1）肯定句中用“and” 表“和”；（2）否定句中用“or”表“和” 。,2）翻译： 我喜欢英语和数学。 我不喜欢英语和数学。,I like English _ math.,I dont like English _ math.,and,or,= Study hard, _ your math will be
14、 worse.,3）用 “and” 或“or” 填空： Study hard, _ your math will be better.,and,or,“and”意为“这样，那么”； “or” 意为 “否则” 。,表转折的连词but 和however： e.g. (他努力工作，但以失败告终。) He worked hard, _ he failed at last. He worked hard. _, he failed at last.区别: but 后没有逗号，直接连接分句； however 后有逗号相隔，可放句末。,but,However,考点二 ：,观察句子 ： （1）Although
15、 he is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.改为：Although he is over sixty, he works as hard as others.或 He is over sixty, but he works as hard as others.（2）“Because John was ill, so I took him to the doctor.”,*although/ though 和but这两个关联词不能同时用。,?,同样，此句错误， because 和 so 等关联词都不能同时使用。,考点三 ：,either A
16、 or B “或者A或者B”neither A nor B “既不A也不B”not only A but also B “不仅A而且B”,- 连词词组 ：,Either you or I _ going to the party.(或者你或者我将去晚会。)Neither I nor he _ seen the movie.（我和他都没有看过这部电影。）Not only you but also he _ French.（不但你而且他也讲法语。）,【连接主语 时，谓语“就近原则”】,am,has,speaks,考点四,2. 从属连词-用来引导从句。常见的从属连词有：(1)引导时间状语从句的aft
17、er, before, when, while, as, until, till, since, as soon as等。(2)引导条件状语从句的if, unless等。(3)引导原因状语从句的because, as, since等。(4)引导目的状语从句的so that, in order that等。(5)引导让步状语从句的though, although, even if等。(6)引导结果状语从句的so that, sothat, suchthat等。(7)引导比较状语从句的than, asas等。(8)引导宾语从句的that, if , whether等。,考点二,我会一直工作到你回来
18、。,I will work till you come back.,notuntil/ till 直到才till 直到为止,翻译：我会到你回来时才睡觉。,I wont go to bed until/ till you come back.,Mr. White was taking a shower _ the UFO landed on the street. A. where B. while C. when D. whether,C,While Mr. White was taking a shower，the UFO landed on the street.,考点一,“when” 和
19、 “while”,when引导的状语从句的动作多为终止性动词，也为可持续动词；但while只能是可持续动词。,考点二,我父亲直到我们吃完饭时才回来。,My father _ come back until we had supper.,notuntil/ till 直到才till 直到为止,翻译：他直到3岁才会讲话。,He _get up until his mother wakes him up.,didnt,他经常等到妈妈叫他才起床。,He _ speak until he was 3.,couldnt,doesnt,He took the MP3 player with him _ he
20、 could enjoy music during the trip.A. because B. so that C. when,B,考点三,他起早是为了赶上早班车。(表目的),He got up early so that he could catch the early bus.,He got up early so that he caught the early bus.,他起早，结果赶上了早班车。（表结果）,He got up so early that he caught the early bus.,sothat,so that：为了； 所以，结果,如此以致,常用的英语连词,1)
21、 先后次序关系：at this time; first; second; at last; next；previously; simultaneously; eventually；last but not least；to begin with；to start with；to end with；finally；seeing.；since then；first of all；afterwards; following this; preceding this. 2) 因果关系：because；because of this；being that；another important factor
22、reason of. ； since； as； for； in that.； owing to； due to； for the reason that.； in view of； the reason seems to be obvious; there are about. ；for this reason; as a result of this； therefore；.and so.； consequently；as a result； thus； hence； so；so that.； in consequence； as a consequence； accordingly; in
23、evitably; under these conditions; thereupon.,3) 转折关系：but；even so；however；though；even though；independent of；reckless of ；despite that； in spite of that； regardless of; yet.；and yet； but ，unless. 4) 并列关系： and; also；too；as well as；either.，or.；both.and. 5) (补充)递进关系： furthermore；moreover；further；In this
24、way ；still； not only.but also.； not.but.； in addition (to)；additionally, much more interesting, more specifically, next, besides； as far as. is concerned; moreover；in other words；along this line of consideration；on the one hand.，on the other hand.； even； as a poplar saying goes.；in order to do it.;
25、meanwhile； at the same time； accordingly； In the first place.，in the second place.;equally important; of even greater appeal.,6) 比较关系： similarly; in like manner, in comparison with；when compared with；compared with；when in fact.; like.； likewise； similarly important； apart from (doing).； . rather tha
26、n.，by doing so ；bothand.; in the same way; not only.but (also). 7) 对照(不同点)：yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding; rather; neither . nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around；yet; conversely； unlike； opposed to; as opposed to ； in contrast (to)； by way of；on t
27、he contrary；different from this；as opposed to this； nevertheless; contrary to； whereas； while；but on the other hand.,8) 举例关系:for example； for instance； in this case; namely； as you know； you may assay； as he explains； like； such as； a case in point is.; consider.； in particular；including.；for one th
28、ing.，for another.；put it simply；stated roughly； as an illustration， I will say.； a good example (of.)would be.；to detail this，I would like to.； It is interesting to note that.；in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something)； as for; as regards； as to； according to; on this
29、 occasion. 9) 强调关系：in fact; especially；particularly；moreover；naturally; what is more important； in reality； certainly; of course; indeed; in particular；not to mention.；believe it or not；undeniably; other thing being equal；it is certainsure that.；to be strict; to be true；by definition; definitely; un
30、doubtedly; without a doubt; in truth, in any event; without reservation; obviously, not only. but(also.), both. and.,10) 条件关系: if；unless; lest；provided that；if it is the case；in this sense；once.；if possible；if necessary；if so；if not all; if anything. 11) 归纳总结类： in other words；on the whole; in sum; t
31、herefore；hence；in short；in brief；to sum up；in conclusion; in summary； to conclude； the conclusion can be drawn that.; for this reason; in short. 12) 地点关系：beyond; opposite to; adjacent to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; ab
32、ove; below; at the right; between; on this side. 13) 目的关系：with this object; for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since; so that; on that account; in case; with a view to; for the same reason.,14) 重申关系：in other words; that is to say; as I have said; again; once again. 15) 结果关系：accordingly; t
33、hus; consequently; hence; therefore; thereupon; inevitably; under these conditions; as a result; as a consequence; because; because of; so that; not only.but (also.); so. as to. 16) 顺序关系：first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在开始时)，following this; at this time; now; at this point; after;
34、afterward; after this; subsequently; lastly; finally; consequently; before this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously; concurrently(同时). 17) 时间关系：at once; immediately; at length; in the mean time; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at last; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once; since; occasionally; in a moment; shortly; whereupon; previously.,
