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1、2011年6月19日英语新四级写作讲义一、 来自教育部的声音第一部分为30分钟的短文写作，分数占总分的15%。在新四级考试中，短文写作和过去相比改动不大，出题风格和过去的四级考试作文基本相同。热点问题、图表或漫画、正反论证以及针对某种现象产生的原因与对策等方面的题目最有可能出现。多读各个类型的范文，模仿并背诵其中的精华部分有助于提高写作水平。写作时一定要字迹清楚整齐，紧扣题目，注意语法的正确使用，最好能够准确多变地运用词汇。二、大学英语新四级写作基本要求写作能力测试部分比例为15%，体裁包括议论文、说明文、应用文等。四级作文范文档的要求是：切题；表达思想清楚、文字通顺，连贯性较好；基本无语言错
2、误，仅有个别小错。该要求蕴涵着大学英语写作的四个基本考点： 1、切题所谓切题是指在形式上诸如段落、字数、文体、格式等方面满足题目要求，并在内容上没有偏差。2、表达清楚、条理清晰本要求考查学生对文章结构的掌握，要求文章主题观点明确，有头有尾，论证说明安排有主次，有轻重。3、文字通顺，连贯性较好本要求考查学生对过渡句和连接词或词组的掌握和运用，要求文章句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。4、基本无语言错误本要求考查学生语言基本功的掌握，包括语法与拼写两部分。三、历史的声音我们对真题写作的抽样分析表明，考生的写作成绩并不理想。要想写出一篇高分作文必须具备两个条件：一是扎实的英语语言基础，二是掌握一定
3、的写作技巧。温馨提示：帮你对自己有个最初的评价 一篇好的作文应基本达到：有较好的写作基础，文章流畅，遣词造句恰当，文章结构完整，内容符合要求；语法基本正确；句法基本准确，句子与句子，段落与段落之间过渡连贯；有一定词汇量，字数符合要求；说理清楚，内容充实。一篇较差的作文表现为：文章不通顺，无段落，无结构，无明显主题；出现很多基本语法错误，拼写错误；词汇量很小，词不达意，缺乏英语表达能力；不像一篇文章，仅是把一些不连贯的词语拼凑到一起。综上所述，考生一定要洞悉考研英语大纲对写作部分的高分标准涉及以下六个方面：1、内容切题。审题准、不跑题。文不对题会严重影响成绩，导致写作失败。2、表达清楚。语言要简
4、洁、准确，条理清楚；主题明确。3、意义连贯。遣词造句得当，表达连贯平稳。论点论据展开合理（以因果，对比，分类，定义，列举，概括，详情，时间，空间，过程或综合等方法展开）。4、句式有变化。采用适当的句式来表达相应的内容。常用句式包括简单句；并列句；复合句；主被动句；长句；短句；否定句；双重否定句；疑问句；反问句；倒装句；强调句；插入句；独立主格成分等。5、用词有变化。避免重复使用同一词汇，可适当使用代词；同义词；近义词；关联词；使表达富有动感。同义词的使用是衡量考生语言运用能力的 一个尺度。6、语言规范。符合英语的表达习惯，语法错误少，写出的英语不是中式英语。四、考研英语文章的段落写作和常规整体
5、构建模式（一）文章的段落的写作一篇文章可由几个自然段组成。文章中的句子和段落均为文章的中心思想服务，形成一个有机的整体。好的段落必须是意思完整，语义连贯，完全体现文章主旨中心，同时又是层次分明，结构严谨，逻辑关系应用合理的。1、段落的组成一个段落由三部分组成：（1）主题句（Topic Sentence）:点出段落的主题（文章谈论的是什么）。（2）扩展句（Developing Sentence）:说明和支持主题。（3）结尾句（Concluding Sentence）:得出结论。主题句扩展句3扩展句2扩展句1结尾句2、段落的主题一篇文章有中心意思，也就是题目。而每个段落有段落主题，段落主题是为文章
6、中心思想服务的。每个段落只能有一个主题（central idea），它用一个句子加以表达，所以称为主题句。主题提出后需要很多结构严谨的句子来支持和说明，称为扩展句。最后得出一个结论，并用一个结尾句表达。参看下面段落：This is supposed to be an enlightened age, but you wouldnt think so if you could hear what the average man thinks of the average women. Women won their independence years ago. After a long, bi
7、tter struggle, they now enjoy the same educational opportunities as men in most parts of the world. They have proved repeatedly that they are equal and often superior to men in almost every field. The hard-fought battle for recognition has been won, but it is by no means over. It is men, not women w
8、ho still carry on the sex war because their attitude remains basically hostile. Even in the most progressive societies, women continue to be regarded as second-rate citizens. To hear some men talk, youd think that women belonged to a different species!3、写好主题句定义：主题句为一个完整的句子，用以概括、叙述和说明该段的主题。位置：主题句一般位于
9、段首，也可置于段尾或段中，考生最好放在段首，这样较易掌握和构思。例如：位于段首：在英文中，大部分段落的第一句便是主题句。开门见山地提出问题，后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释。An important part of police strategy, rapid police response is seen by police officers and the public alike as offering tremendous benefits. The more obvious the abilities of police to apply first aid life
10、 saving techniques quickly are, the greater likelihood of arresting people who may have participated in a crime. It aids in identifying those who witnessed an emergency or crime as well as in collecting evidence. The overall reputation of a police department too is enhanced if rapid response is cons
11、istent and this in itself promotes the prevention of crime. Needless to say rapid response offers the public some degree of satisfaction in its police force.温馨提示：写好主题句的方法：1）主题句要概括一定内容，不要空泛，否则扩展句将难以说明和支持它，例如：空泛：English language is very important.概括：English language is very important in our daily life
12、. 空泛：The Olympic Games are exciting.概括：In the Olympic Games the football teams from many countries compete intensely.2）尽量使用简单句或简洁明了的句子，例如：简洁：Collecting stamps is her hobby.复杂: She likes collecting stamps which is her hobby.简洁: I enjoyed watching Gone with the wind very much.复杂：Gone with the wind was
13、 a good film which I enjoyed watching very much.3）主题句应该做到句子完整和表达的主题思想完整，：例如：不完整：How to write a composition.完整：How to write a composition is not an easy thing to talk about.不完整：If the weather had been fine.完整：If it had been fine, we would have had a good time.4）关键词是直接表达主题的词汇，它决定段落的内容和展开的方法，引导整个段落的发展，
14、例如：There are several ways to boil the water.The task can be finished in three steps.There is a new method to reduce the cost.4、写好扩展句和段落围绕主题句展开，支持、说明和阐述主题句的句子便是扩展句。扩展句紧扣主题句中的关键词而展开，句子与句子之间逻辑清楚，上下转承结合得当，简明扼要，重点突出。一般来说，每个自然段除了主题句与结尾句之外，还包含了36个扩展句。所以，写好了扩展句便基本上完成一个自然段落。做题时，一旦定下了主题和关键词，作者便按照自己的思路来组织段落中的句
15、子，句子之间要具有连贯性，就必须由一系列的逻辑关系构成，例如：并列关系，因果关系，递进关系，转折关系，解释关系，概括关系，顺序关系，让步关系，对照、比较关系，转换关系等等，这些逻辑关系可由一系列的过渡词（transitional words）来完成。过渡词在句子与句子之间、段落与段落之间起到承上启下的作用，使句子或段落之间的衔接自然、连贯，逻辑合理，结构严谨，因此极为重要。常用的几种扩展句和段落写作模式关联表达方法：表示因果关系常用的表达方法有：because, since, as, seeing that, the reason why, because of, on account of
16、, due to, so, thus, hence, therefore, accordingly, consequently, so that, as a result of, in consequence of, result in, result from, lead to, soas to, owing to, to have an effect on, for the reason, in this way等。表示列举或例证法常用的表达方法有：for example, for instance, for one thing, for another, to illustrate, o
17、ne example is, to begin with, first, second, furthermore, besides, in addition, moreover, finally, in conclusion, in summary, also, a case in point, as an illustration, incidentally, namely, that is等。表示比较对比关系常用的表达方法有：similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the s
18、ame way, on the contrary, on one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless表示分类法常用的表达方法有：to divideinto, to classifyinto, groupinto, to fall into classes, there arekinds(types, groups, classes, cate
19、gories, sorts ) of, according to, in terms of, depending on, at the level of等。表示定义常用的表达方法有：what is ？, to be defined as, to refer to, the definition of is, to be used to describe, in a very real sense, this is, this means, be explained, it states that, in other words, namely等。表示总结关系常用的表达方法有：generally
20、 speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in concl
21、usion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude.表示强调关系常用的表达方法有：anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, indeed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt表示空间顺序常用的表达方法有：beyond, above, unde
22、r, nearby, outside, in here, across, close to, on(to, at)the left(right), ahead of, in front of, above, from, adjacent to, against, around, at the bottom, before, behind, below, beneath, between, beyond, close at hand, close to down, far, farther, in the center of, in the distance, in the middle of,
23、 nearby, near to, next to, on the opposite side, opposite to, on top of , over, under, up等。（二）文章的常规整体构建模式对于考生来说，了解一点作文考试常用的文体知识很有必要。文章文体一般分为叙述文（Narration）、议论文（Argumentation）、说明文（Exposition）和描写文（Description）。在实际写作中，这几种文体常常交叉使用，相辅相成，但主体仍以一种为主，其他为辅。从考研作文试题情况来看，主要为议论文，出题形式常常是针对某一事物或现象让考生提出自己的看法。议论文（Argu
24、mentation）作者对某一问题或事件直接或间接地进行分析评论，表明自己的立场、观点、态度、主张，这就是议论。它常常用于学术论文，各种评论、短文、杂文、辩论等方面，应用广泛。议论文的写作要注意三个要素：1.提出论点；2.组织论据，进行论证；3.得出结论。常用的论证方法包括夹叙夹议法、例举法、比较对照法、因果法、逻辑推理法（包括归纳法和演绎法）。可以从正面论证，也可以从反面进行反驳。常规整体构建模式在一篇文章中，各自然段，各句子都为文章的中心思想服务，各段落之间，句子与句子之间存在着某种逻辑关系。文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头，“承”是承接
25、，“转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结，一篇文章与一段文章一样都有“启、承、转、合”关系。例如：Chinas entry into WTO （启） Nowadays there has been a widespread concern among the general public over Chinas entry into WTO, which is widely seen to bring us a blessing and promising future. It seems to be so at first sight. However, on reflection, were c
26、onvinced that its just another double-edged sword. （承）On one hand, China is to enjoy the benefits that the organization provides us. Lower tariffs and tax rates and fewer trade barriers will facilitate our swift and efficient imports and exports and other trade activities. According to the trade cla
27、uses of the WTO, the European Union shall cut down the tax rates it imposes on our exported textile products, thus availing the arts-and-crafts companies in our country to extract more profits from the business. In a sense, the WTO means opportunity, and it sets the stage for our business to cut a b
28、rilliant figure in the international economic circles. （转） On the other hand, the entry will impose some negative effects on China. Chinas national economy is set to be faced with fierce competition from the outside world. WTO pursues a relatively equal and free business environment for all its memb
29、ers, which poses a major challenge for our economy. Such monopolized business sectors used to enjoy protections from governments of all levels as telecommunications and banking will find themselves no longer in a “safe box”. They have to adjust or replace their current operative and marketing strate
30、gies to cope with the “outdoors” shrewd and talented competitors, or they will suffer big losses and tough time is awaiting them. （合）Whatever the reason, the early entry into WTO is beneficial to our country and our life. We should make good use of the chances and meanwhile suitably deal with the ou
31、tside competition. All our efforts are to upgrade our business scales and get more integrated into the international business community.常规段落构建模式考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用，特点和写作方法如下所示。1、开头段开头段一定要语言精练，并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨，具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。一般在开头段写四或五句即可。开头段的使用方法使用引语 （use
32、 a quotation）使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语，习语，以确定文章的写作和方向，例：“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them” Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more
33、essential to his success.使用具体详实的数字或数据 （use figures or statistics ）引用一些具体详实的数字或数据，然后做出概括性分析，指明问题的症结所在，例：In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official
34、 statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.提出问题 (ask a question) 提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论，例：What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning?
35、 Work-based friendships? The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.给出背景 (offer relevant background)描述具体事件的时间、地点和发生背景等，例：Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people w
36、ho remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have d
37、eveloped has aroused nationwide concern.定义法 (give definition)针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨，例：Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to se
38、e new possibilities. Paradigms（情况，式样） change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or ris
39、k becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.主题句法 （use of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展，例：Now, people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To the
40、m, the knowledge of a foreign language, say, English, often means a good opportunity for a persons career, even a passport to a prosperous future. Many of them equate success in life with the ability of speaking a foreign language. 议论文段首句式1.Nowadays, a heated debate/discussion about. is under way in
41、 China. Some people believe that. whereas others argue that.2.In recent years/In the past few years, there has been a growing (widespread/general) realization( awareness/feeling towards) that.3.Nowadays people in a significant/increasing number are beginning (getting/coming) to realize/believe that.
42、 4.Although everyone believes that., I doubt/wonder whether the argument bears much analysis.5.This is a very conventional issue, but we can approach it from a new angle/a new point of view.6.This problem is a much-debated one in that it affects everybody in their daily lives. People may prefer one
43、to another, although some have no opinion about it. But if I am concerned, I can only disagree with the title statement and the reasons are given below.7.There is a general discussion today on the issue of. Those who criticize. argue that. They believe that. but people who advocate.claim that They h
44、old the opinion that8.In a modern society, people have the freedom to choose. or. Although they normally coexist peacefully, they deserve some close examination. If the third criteria were taken into account, by comparison, people would prefer.9.When we talk about., we usually mean that., or even th
45、at. The true. is not., but that.10.Contrary to widely held ideas, I believe that.2. 中间段中间段是文章的正文，其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。中间段的一般特征：篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长。每段有相应的主题句。包含定义、解释，描写，说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例，数据或个人经历等写作手段。不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。中间段展开的基本方法：列举法There are a number of ways for us to keep fit. First, no matter how b
46、usy we are, we should have exercise every day to strengthen our muscles. Second, it is important to keep good hours. For example, if we are in the habit of going to bed early and getting up early, we can avoid overworking ourselves and get enough sleep. Finally, entertainment is also necessary so th
47、at we may have some moments of relaxation. If we follow those instruction，we will certainly be in good health. 比较对比法The older form of communication is speech. In the beginning of human history, people could only use direct verbal speech to communicate. But it had many shortcomings. For instance, we could not speak to a person far away when we needed. So distance was a problem. And the spoken word could not be kept secret easily. So people wanted to invent a new method of communication. The next big step forward in communication was the invention of w
