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1、第一部分 语法和词汇第一章 重点语法项目介绍 从历年考试试题分析来看，PRETCO语法(Structure)考查重点主要是：动词时态和语态、非谓语动词(动词不定式、分词和动名词)、情态动词、状语从句、定语从句、倒装句、强调句、反意问句、虚拟语气、代词、形容词和副词等。考生要对上述语法项目从概念到应用上下功夫。现就各项目的考核重点分别简单叙述如下(其中有些例句选自历年考试试题)：一、动词的时态和语态考核重点：A 过去完成时。注意：过去完成时常常和before，after，until，when等引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动词的动作一般表示过去。常用句型如下：by the time(the en
2、d)of+表示过去时间的短语或句子；hardly(scarcely)+过去完成时+when+过去时； no sooner+过去完成时+than+过去时； B现在完成时和现在完成进行时。常用时间状语有： this day(week，month，year)，so far，for some time，up to now，up to the present，all this year(month，week)等；B 将来完成时。常与before，until，when，after等连词引导的时间状语从句连用，其谓语动词的动作一般表示将来。常用句型如下：by the time(the end)0f+表示将来
3、时间的短语或句子。例句： 1He said:“I_ a lot of new words by the end of last year”(200212 B级)A) had already learnt B)would have already learnt C)have already learnt D)already learnt答案：A)。句中时间状语by the end of last year表明谓语动词要用过去完成时态。2The project to clear up the polluted river_by the end of next year(20026 B级) A)is
4、 being completed B)will have been completed C)has been completed D)will have completed答案：B)。句中时间状语by the end of next year表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。3The students_ their papers by the end of this month(20026 A级)A) will have finished B)have been finishingC)have finished D)will be finishing答案：A)。句中时间状语by the end of
5、 this month表明谓语动词要用将来完成时。4.Up till now I(spend)_ a great deal of money on books，magazines and newspapers. (20036 B级)答案：have spent。句中的时间状语up till now要求谓语动词用现在完成时。5. Until then_ his family from him for several monthsA) hadnt heard C) didnt hear B) hasnt heard D) hasnt been hearing答案：A)。句中的状语until then
6、和for several months可以判断谓语动词用过去完成时。6Hardly _we _ the railway station when it began to rain heavilyA) hadgot to B) havegot to C) didget to D) doget to答案：A)。“hardly+过去完成时+when+过去时”句型。二、动词不定式考核重点： 不定式的完成式、进行式和被动式。例句：1. He was very sorry_ her at the airport(20026 A级)A) to have not met B) not to have met
7、C) not to meet D) to not meet 答案：B)。动词不定式的完成式否定。2. 1d rather read than watch television；the programs seem _all the time.A) to get worse B) getting worse C) to have got worse D) to be getting worse答案：D)。不定式的进行式，表示“一直是”的意思。3. Mr. Smith preferred _ heavier work to doA) to be given B) to give C) to have
8、 given D) having given 答案：A)。不定式的被动式。4. A Dream of the Red Chamber is said _ into more than ten languages in the last decadeA) to have translated B)to translate C)to have been translated D)to be translated 答案：C)。不定式的被动完成式。三、动词的现任分词和过去分词考核重点：A分词或分词短语作状语。注意：当分词或分词短语作状语时，其逻辑主语一般与句子主语保持一致。分词或分词短语作状语可以表示
9、时间、原因、条件、方式、让步和伴随状态等；B当分词或分词短语作状语时，如果其逻辑主语与句子主语不一致，便要使用分词的独立结构，即带逻辑主语的分词短语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随状况等；C分词作定语和宾语补语。例句：1. The May Day Holiday _over，we must now get down to work(200112 A级)A) be B) being C) to have been D) to be答案：B)。带逻辑主语的现在分词短语作状语，是独立主格结构。2. Thousands of products_ from crude oil are now in dail
10、y use(20036 A级)A) to make B) be made C) making D) made 答案：D)。分词作后置定语修饰名词。3. I have found some articles _ the harmful effects of drinking(200312 A级) A) being concerned B) concerned C) to concern D) concerning 答案：D)。concerning应为宾语some articles的补足语。这里宾语和宾语补足语的关系是主动的，故用现在分词。4. I stayed up all night _ to
11、 find a new solution to the problem(20046 A级) A) trying B) have tried C) try D) tried 答案：A)。现在分词短语作目的状语。5. _ such a good chance，he planned to learn more A)To be give B) Having been given C) Having given D) Giving 答案：B)。被动完成式现在分词作状语表示条件。四、动名词考核重点：只跟动名词作宾语的动词有：admit，enjoy，include，involve，practise，excu
12、se，postpone，mind，dislike，mention，imagine，suggest，delay，miss，understand，hate，like，favor，escape，deny，consider，appreciate，avoid，risk等。例句：1. I dont mind _ all that way in such bad weather(20016 A级) A) go B) gone C) going D) to go 答案：C)。动词mind后面要求v一ing的形式(动名词)作宾语。2. Jane always enjoys _to popular music a
13、t home on Friday evenings(20036 A级) A) listening B) being listening C) to be listening D) to listen 答案：A)。enjoy喜欢，后接动名词作宾语。3. They are considering _ before the price go up A) of buying the house B)with buying the house C) buying the house D)to buy the house答案：C)。consider后接动名词作宾语。4. Its no use _ me n
14、ot to worryA )you tell B) your telling C)for you to have told D) having told答案：B)。Its no use +ving句型要求。这里是带逻辑主语的动名词结构。五、情态动词考核重点： Ashould(ought to)+have+过去分词，表示“对已经发生的事情的责备、惊奇或推测”以及表示“应该做而没有做的事情”； Bmight(could)+have+过去分词，表示“过去可能发生而没有发生的事情”； Cmust +have+过去分词，表示“对过去情况的推测”，只用于肯定句；否定句和疑问句用cant和can； Dnee
15、dnt + have+过去分词，表示“做了不必做的事”。例句：1. This ATM has been out of service for a few daysIt should _ last week(20046 级) A)fix B)be fixed C)have fixed D)have been fixed 答案：D)。should +have+过去分词，表示“应该做而没有做的事情”。2. With all this work on hand，he _ to the cinema last night A) mustnt go B)wouldnt go C)oughtnt go D)
16、shouldnt have gone 答案：D)。表示“对已经发生的事情的责备”。3. The classroom is in a terrible mess；it _ cleanedA) cant have been B) wouldnt have been C) shouldnt have been D) mustnt have been答案A)。表示“对过去情况的推测”。六、定语从句考核重点： A由that，as，when，where, which，whose引导的定语从句； B名词、代词、数词、形容词的比较级和最高级+of+ which (whom) 引导的定语从句； C介词+whic
17、h(whose，whom)引导的定语从句。例句：1That is the very man _ house was burned down last week(20016 A级)A) his B)whose C) which D)of whom答案：B)。关系词whose引导定语从句，whose在从句中充当定语。2. _is often the case, one third of the workers have over-fulfilled the production plan (200112 A级) A) What B) This C) That D) As 答案：D)。as引导非限定
18、性定语从句，指代后面整个句子。3This is the microscope _ which we have had SO much trouble(20036 A级)A）at B)from C)of D) with答案：D)。which引导的定语从句中，可以把从句末尾的介词置于which之前。4The hotel _during the vacation was rather poorly managed(20046 A级)A )as I stayed B) where I stayed C) which I stayed D)what I stayed答案：B)。the hotel后面是由
19、where引导的定语从句。5All _is a continuous supply of the basic necessities of lifeA) what is needed B) the thing needed C) for our needs D) that is needed答案：D)。先行词all由that引导的定语从句修饰。6The residents，_ had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red CrossA) all their homes B)all whose homes C）all of w
20、hose homes D) all of their homes 答案：C)。七、状语从句考核重点：A引导原因状语从句的连词：as，seeing that(由于)，in that(因为)，considering that for the reason that，now that，not thatbut that(不是因为，而是因为)等；B引导时间状语从句的名词词组：the instant，the moment，the minute，the time，each time，every time等；C引导条件状语从句的连词：as(so)long as，unless，on condition that
21、(条件是)，providing(provided)that(假若)，suppose(supposing)that(假使)，granting(granted)that(假定)等；D引导目的状语从句的连词：in order that，in case。so that等；E“主语补语(表语)+as(though)+主语+谓语动词”引导的让步状语从句，句子倒装。例句：1. We moved to London _ we could visit our friends more often(200212 A级) A) even if B)so that C) in case D)as 答案：B)。so t
22、hat以便、为了，引导目的状语从句。2. She didnt go to the cinema last night，_she had to finish her term paper(200312 A级)A) as B)if C)till D)though答案：A)。as这里作“由于”解，引导原因状语从句。3. You can drive your own car_ you have passed the driving test(20026 B级)A now that B)even if C) so that D) as if 答案：A)。now that因为，既然，引导原因状语从句。4.
23、 Dont worry. _ you work hard，you are sure to pass the exam(20036 B级) A) As much as B) As well as C) As soon as D) As long as 答案：D)。as long as只要，引导条件状语从句。5. You see the lightening _ it happens，but you hear the thunder later A) the instant B) for an instant C) on the instant D) in an instant 答案：A)。the
24、 instant，引导时间状语从句的名词。6. Liquids are like solids_ they have a definite volumeA) in that B) for thatC）with that D) at that答案：A)。in that因为，引导原因状语从句。7. We11 visit England and Germany next year _we have enough money A) unless B) provided C) lest D) until 答案：B)。provided假设，引导条件状语从句。8. _ for them，they trave
25、led on A) Hard as the journey was B) As journey was hard C) Hard the journey was D) The journey was hard 答案：A)。“主语补语 (表语) + as (though) + 主语+ 谓语动词”引导的让步状语从句。八、虚拟语气考核重点：A在表示“愿望”，“请求”，建议”，“命令”等主观意向的动词、名词、形容词、 过去分词等后的从句中，要用虚拟语气，形式是：“should+动词原形”，或省去should直接用“动词原形”。这些动词、形容词、过去分词是：动词有suggest，propose，desi
26、re，request，advise，command，insist，require，order，recommend，beg，prefer，maintain(主张)，direct(命令)等；形容词有necessary，important，essentialdesirable，advisable，urgent，preferable，insistent，strange等；过去分词有suggested，proposed，demanded，required，requested，desired，ordered，recommended，insisted，asked，resolved等；名词有suggestio
27、n，proposal，advice，order，request，recommendation，requirement，insistence，necessity，command等；B在某些表示条件的状语从句中(if从句)；C在it is(high /about)time that句型中，表示“到该干某事的时候了”，在If only引导的感叹句中，表示“但愿，该就好了”；D在with，without，but for(要不是)，or，otherwise，except for，under the condition that in the position of等介词短语中；E在in order th
28、at(为了)，in case引导的目的状语从句中；F在wish，would rather后的宾语从句中。例句：1. The manager of the company insisted that all the staff members_ the new safety rules(20026 A级) A)observed B) will observe C) would observe D) observe 答案：D)。insist引出的宾语从句谓语用虚拟语气。2. I think its high time we _strict measures to stop pollution.(2
29、00212 A级)A) will take B) take C)took D) have taken答案：c)。在Its highabout time后的从句动词用虚拟语气。3. _ last Friday，he would have got to Paris(20036 A级)A) Would he leave B) Had he left C) If he is to leave D) If he was leaving答案：B)。本句是条件状语从句，表示与过去事实相反的虚拟语气。4. Its necessary that the problem _ in some way or othe
30、r. (20016 B级) A) be settled B) settled C) is settled D) settled答案：A)。在necessary (important) 等形容词后面用虚拟语气。5The committee members propose that the plan _ postponed for a few days(20026 B级) A) to be B) being C) be D) been答案：C)。动词propose后宾语从句中用虚拟语气。 6. I didnt go with them to the beach yesterdayBut I do
31、wish I_ there. (2003.6 B级)A) have been B) had been C) was D) am答案：B)。在wish后的宾语从句中用虚拟语气。7. _ the storm，the ship would have reached its destination on timeA) In spite of B) In case of C) But for D) Because of答案：C)。but for(要不是)介词短语后用虚拟语气。8. My suggestion is that we _ a special board to examine the prob
32、lemA) will set up B)are to set up C) set up D) must set up答案：C)。(should)set up，在名词suggestion后用虚拟语气。9. He must have had an accident，or _ thenA) would have been here B) had to be here C) should be here D) would be here答案：A)。在or后面用虚拟语气。10. It is recommended that the project _until all the preparations
33、have been madeA) is not started B) will not be started C) not be started D) is not to be started 答案：C)。在过去分词recommended后面用虚拟语气。九、倒装句考核重点:A以notuntil，not，never，little，nowhere，rarely，seldom，scarcely，hardly，no sooner，in no case，at no time，on no account，under no circumstances，by no means等引导的句子；Bonly+副词，介
34、词短语或状语(从句)引出的句子。例句：1. Not until I shouted at the top of my voice _the danger(20016 A级)A) that he noticed B) he didnt notice C) did he notice D) had he noticed答案：C)。not until开头句子倒装。2. Not for a moment _ the truth of your explanation about the event(20036 A级)A) we have doubted B) did we doubt C) we ha
35、d doubted D) doubted we答案：B)。否定词not置于句首，谓语用倒装结构，表示强调。3. Only by shouting at the top of his voice_.A) was he able to make himself hear B) he was able to make himself hearC) he was able to make himself heard D) was he able to make himself heard 答案：D)。only+状语引出的句子中，用倒装。十、强调句考核重点：强调句句型：It is(was)+被强调部分+
36、that+其他成分例句：1. The police asked the if it was the place _ they found the lost child(200212 B级)A) which B) what C) that D) where答案：C)。本句的宾语句是强调句型。2. It was in China _ the agreement was signedA) that B) which C) where D) what答案：A)。本句为强调句。十一、主谓一致考核重点：A由连词and连接两个主语，and后面的名词不加冠词，常指一个人或一个事物，谓语动词用单数，如：the
37、secretary and principal(书记兼校长)；B以一ics结尾的名词表示一门学科，谓语动词一般用单数；C由连词or，eitheror，neithernor，not onlybut also，nor等连接的两个名词或代词，其谓语采用毗邻一致的原则，即谓语动词与邻近的主语一致；D如果主语为单数而后面有with，together with，as well as，in addition to，more than，no less than，1ike，but，except等词引起的短语，谓语动词用单数；E如果主语是由and连接的两个单数名词且前面有every，each，no等词修饰，谓语动
38、词用单数。如：Every boy and girl in this village is taught to read and write。Fmany a(an another)+名词，more than one+名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。 如：more than one woman was involved in this caseGthe number(variety)of+名词，an amount of(a deal ofplenty of)+不可数名词，a quantity of+不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词均用单数。例句：1. Many a boy and many a girl
39、 _ independentA、hope to be B) expects to be C) wants D) longs for答案：B)。many a+名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。2. Either she or I _ to blameA) is B) are C) have D) am答案：D)。谓语动词与邻近的主语一致。3. A suitcase with shirts，trousers and shoes _ from the car.A） was stolen B) have been robbed C）has robbed D) had stolen答案：A)。主语为单数而后
40、面有with引起的短语，谓语动词用单数。4. The number of people invited _ fifty，but a number of them _ absent without any reason.A)were；was B) was；was C) was；were D) were；were答案：C)。the number of+名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。十二、反意问句考核重点：A反意问句由陈述句+简短问句组成。当陈述句中的主语是everybody，everyone, someone，no one，nobody，somebody等合成词时，疑问句主语用复数they来表示。 而当陈述句中的主语是everything，nothing，anything，something时，疑问句主语 用it来表示。如：Somebody came to see medid they?C 祈使句后面可以加一个简短问句，使句子语气变得客气些。如：Dont forget to water the flower in the garden，while I am away, will y
