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1、Unit 2 Cloning,Learning about Language,选修八,语法讲解,1. 同位语 the Appositive 同位语是句子成分的一种, 它位于 名词、代词后面, 说明它们的性质和 情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性 短语或从句充当。,同位语的表现形式有以下几种：1) 名词 Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy. 2) 代词 I myself will do the experiment.3) 数词 She is the oldest among them six.4) 从句 He told me the news that the
2、 plane had exploded. 他告诉我飞机爆炸的消息。,5) 由such as, that is引导 Some subjects, such as maths and physics, are very difficult to learn. 某些学科，例如数学和物理，是很难学的。6) 由of引导 The city of Beijing has been greatly changed since 2000. 自从2000年以来，北京市发生了很大的变化。,7) 由or引导 The freezing temperature, or freezing point, is the tem
3、perature at which water freezes under ordinary pressure. 结冰温度即冰点，是水在常压下结冰 时的温度。,一. 指出下例句子划线部分是什么句子成份。There is going to be a Chinese film tonight. ( )2. She is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. ( )3. Her wish is to become a teacher. ( ),练习(一),表语,谓语,表语,4. He, my brother, managed to finish the work in ti
4、me. ( ) 5. Tom came to ask me for advice. ( )6. We found it important to learn English. ( )7. Do you have anything else to wash? ( ),同位语,状语,形式宾语,定语,8. To be honest, your writing isnt so good. ( )9. Would you please tell me your name? ( )10. They noticed a man enter the room. ( ),间接宾语、直接宾语,宾语补足语,插入语,
5、My performance in the driving test didnt reach the required standard, _ , I failed. A. in the end B. after all C. in other words D. at the same time2. Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment, _ I will always treasure. (NMET2002) A. that B. one C. it D. what,二. 单项填空,C,B,On
6、my way home I met an old friend of my.2. They paid no attention to the doctors advice they should stop smoking.,三. 单句改错,第二个my改为mine,在they前加that,2. 同位语从句 the Appositive clause(1) 同位语从句的定义 在复合句中用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。同位语从句是名词性从句的一种。它在句中起同位语的作用。,它一般放在 fact, news, idea, truth , hope, problem, information, beli
7、ef, thought, doubt, promise, question 等名词的后面, 对前面的名词作进一步的解释, 说明前面名词的具体含义。引导同位语从句的词有连词that, 连接副词how, when, where, whether, what等。,e.g. The hope that he may recover is not gone yet.The problem whether we should continue to do the experiment has been solved.I have no idea when he will come back.,同位语从句有
8、时被别的词把它和名词隔开：,注意:,The story goes that William Tell killed the king with an arrow.Word came that their team had won., 同位语从句的表现形式: 由that引导The fact that you havent enough time to do the work is simply unbelievable.The hope that he may come here is not gone yet.,The news that he has been elected preside
9、nt of the United States is true.The truth that heavy objects and light objects fall at the same speed is known to all.The problem that she later developed a serious lung disease bothered scientists., 由whether 引导The question whether we need more time to do the work has not been discussed. 由when引导I ha
10、ve no idea when they will go., 有时可用 namely (即), that is to say (也就是说), in other words (换句话说), that is (那就是), for example 等引出同位语, 说明其前面的名词或 代词。有时同位语直接跟在名词或代词的后面。 He told us the good news, namely, the museum is open to all. There is only one way of improving your English, that is, to practice more. Al
11、together Dolly had lived for six years, half the length of the life of the original sheep., 同位语从句与定语从句的区别: 同位语从句与定语从句在使用中常常混淆, 我们可以从以下几个方面区别它们: 同位语从句说明的名词大都是抽象名词; 定语从句所修饰、限定的名词或代词有抽象 的也有不抽象的。 We express the hope that they will come to visit China again. (同位语从句) Those who want to go please sign their
12、 names here. (定语从句), 同位语从句所说明的名词与从句没有逻辑关系；定语从句所限定的名词是从句逻辑上的主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。The news that they won the match is true.(同位语从句, news和从句没有逻辑关系)The news that you told us yesterday is true.(定语从句, news是told的逻辑宾语),The order when we should go back hasnt reached us.(同位语从句, order和从句没有逻辑关系)The day when New China
13、 was founded will never be forgotten.(定语从句, day是founded 的逻辑状语), 同位语从句主要由连接词that引导，有时也可用when, where, who, whether 等引导; 定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导。Then he raised the question where they were to get the machine needed. (同)Do you know the place where he was born?(定),同位语从句与先行词一般可变成一个 完整句子, 谓语动词用be的不同形式。 He heard t
14、he news that their team had won. 此句可以变为一个表语从句: The news was that their team had won.,从引导词来看: 引导词that在同位语从句中 是连词, 只起连接作用, 无具体词义, that 不可省略; that在定语从句中是关系代词， 它在从句中充当一定成分主语或宾语， 有具体词义, 作宾语时还可以省略。例如： a) The factory _ we visited yesterday is a chemical one. b) The news _ he will leave for Shanghai is true
15、.,(that),that,定语从句,同位语从句,1. Two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet./ The fact worries their parents and teachers a lot.,The fact that two fifths of all girls in America are on a diet worries their parents and teachers a lot.,I. 把下面两个句子连成一个含同位语从句的复合句。,2. The Queen of England was on a four-d
16、ay visit in China./ We heard the news last night.,We heard the news last night that the Queen of England was on a four-day visit in china.,3. Teenagers shouldnt spend too much time online. / Many Chinese parents hold the view.,Many Chinese parents hold the view that teenagers shouldnt spend too much
17、 time online.,4. Time travel is possible. / We have no scientific proof for the idea.,We have no scientific proof for the idea that time travel is possible.,5. Students should be given more free time./The suggestion is welcomed by many people.,The suggestion that students should be given more free t
18、ime is welcomed by many people.,1. We dont think you two have met before. 我们想你们两位以前没有见过面。 (宾语从句)2. It is certain that John will do well in his exam. 约翰肯定会考好。(主语从句),II. 翻译句子，并说明这个名词性从句的作用。,3. Whether they are coming or not dont matter too much. 他们来不来无关紧要。(主语从句)4. Now is when we need him most. 现在是我们最需
19、要他的时候。(表语从句)5. I have no idea how she got through the forest. 我不知道她是如何穿过那个森林的。 (同位语从句)6. The fact that they won the prize made us happy. 他们获奖的事实令我们高兴。(同位语从句),1. I cant decide _ book I should buy.2. China is no longer _ it used to be.3. I am very interested in _ he improved his English in such a shor
20、t time.4. _ we need is more money.5. The truth _ the earth turns around the sun is known to us.6. _ and _ we will meet has not been decided yet.,which,what,how,What,. 用适当的连接代词或连接副词填空。,that,When,where,1. The news _ _ (她通过了高考) is exciting.2. Mike made a promise _ (他将帮助我学习英语),college entrance examinati
21、on,me with my English.,. 用名词性从句完成下列句子。,that she has passed the national,that he would help,The fact that Great Britain is made up of three countries is known to us.2. The continent that consists of two countries is developing very fast.,(同位语从句),(定语从句),指出划线部分是什么从句。,3. The news that the plane will tak
22、e off on time makes everybody happy.4. The news that is spreading around the country is that a heavy storm is coming.5. The suggestion that we should learn something practical is worth considering.,(同位语从句),(定语从句, 表语从句),(同位语从句),One of them held the view _ the book said was right. A. what that B. that
23、 what C. that D. whether2. The reason _ he has to go is _ his mother is ill in bed. A. why; why B. why; because C. why; that D. that; because,. 单项选择,B,C,3. They received orders _ the work be done right away. A. which B. that C. / D. when4. I have no idea _. A. how to do B. when shall we start out fo
24、r the trip C. what has happened to my wife D. how much have they earned,B,C,5. I think _ certain that she will do well in her exam. A. that B. this is C. it D. whats6. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. until B. that C. when D .where,C,C,7.
25、Hes got himself into a dangerous situation _ he was likely to lose control over the plane. A. where B. which C. what D. why8. Thats the only thing _ he can do now. A. which B. all C. that D. what,A,C,9. Information has been put forward _ more middle school graduates will be admitted into universitie
26、s. A. while B. that C. when D. as10. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Christmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether,B,B,11. His central idea is _ the losers do not write history. A. X B. because C. that D. whether12. Tomorrow is Toms birthday. Have you got any i
27、dea _ the party is to be held? A. whatB. whichC. that D. where,C,D,13. There is a rule in our school _ no one is permitted to smoke. A. where B. which C. that D. what14. He didnt know which room _. A. they lived B. they lived in C. did they live D. did they live in,C,B,15. We should stick to _ is tr
28、ue. A. which B. that C. anything which D. whatever 16. You will find no mistake _ Ive written. A. what B. in what C. with what D. that,B,D,1) The fact _ he used to be a thief is known to all. 2) We were surprised by the fact _ she told us. 3) The next thing _ must be done is to make a plan.,that,同,t
29、hat/which,定,that,定,. 填入适当的连接词, 并判断是定语从句 还是同位语从句。,4) Word came _ our army had won the battle.5) The president has given an order _ everyone in the country should prepare for a war_ might last for several years.6) Weve just heard a warning on the radio _ a hurricane is likely to come.,that,同,that,同,th
30、at,同,that,定,7) There is no doubt _ he has told a lie.8) You have no idea _ anxious I was!9) The coat is in the place _ you left it.10) Then arose the question about _ we were to get the machines needed.,where,定,where,定,that,同,how,同,1. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars
31、 _ road conditions need _. A. that; to be improved B. which; to be improved C. where; improving D. when; improving,A,解析: that引导同位语从句说明“新问题”的内容。need后既可接动名词的主动式, 也可接动词不定式的被动式作宾语。,高考链接,答案B。这是一个同位语从句, 解释promise的具体内容, 要用that引导。,2. Along with the letter was his promise _ he would visit me this coming Chri
32、stmas. A. which B. that C. what D. whether,B,3. Some researchers believe that there is no doubt _ a cure for AIDS will be found. A. which B. that C. what D. whether 4. Danby left word with my secretary _ he would call again in the afternoon. A. who B. that C. as D. which,B,B,Finish the exercises of “Discovering useful structures” on Page 14.,Homework,Thank You!,
