《四级英语写作ppt课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《四级英语写作ppt课件.ppt（70页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、CET 4 Writing,四级写作的评分原则、标准应试技巧考前备战,四级写作的评分原则,四级写作与六级写作的评分原则是一样的，具体如下： （1）大学英语考试的目的是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评分应以此要求为准则。 （2）大学英语考试作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores)，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。 （3）从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语
2、清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。 （4）避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括零分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。,考生应从四项评分原则中得到如下启示： （1）不能仅仅满足于不犯或少犯语法错误，而要着眼于通过写作来有效表达自己的思想，从整体上把握文章的篇章结构、遣词造句与表达意图，这样才能给阅卷人一个好的总体印象。 （2）对文章内容与语言都要重视。如果内容充实而表达不清，或语言华丽而无实际内容，都会影响得分。,四级写作的评分标准,满分为15分。共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。具体评分标准：2分
3、 - 条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错 误，且多数为严重错误。5分 - 基本切题，表达思想不够清楚，连贯性差，有较多的严重 错误。8分 - 基本切题，表达思想比较清楚，文字尚连贯；但语言错误 较多，其中有少量的严重错误。11分 - 切题，表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。14分 - 切题，表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无 语言错误。零分 - 白卷；或作文与题目毫不相关；或只有几个孤立的词而无 法表达思想。,注意：字数不足应酌情扣分： 累计字数在8189之间，扣1分； 累计字数在7180之间，扣2分； 累计字数在6170之间，扣3分； 累计字数在5160之间，
4、扣4分； 累计字数在50以下，最多给5分。,应试技巧,第一步：认真审题，充分运用关键词构思法 第二步：写作高分须遵循的5C法则第三步：进行词汇拼写和语法检查，并注意改正方式,第一步：认真审题，充分运用关键词构思法,充分利用提前发卷时间来做作文部分的审题和构思工作 注意审题一定要仔细，按要求写作，不得擅自改动题目，给定的提纲不得有遗漏，否则会按比例扣分。尤其注意，不要因为事先自己背过或练过哪篇相似的文章而死搬硬套。否则后果很严重。,考生只要花三五分钟做一下构思即可，即想象一下每段大致写什么，可以记几个关键词提示自己，在接下来的二十分钟里面按照这几个关键词提示的内容扩展就行。一般来说，四级作文要求
5、不少于120词，最好能写到150到180词；六级作文要求不少于150词，最好写到180到200词。就句子数目来说，如果分三段，每段也就三到五句话，平均四句一段。那么整篇文章大约10个关键词就可以做好构思。,以2009年6月六级写作真题为例。 Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On the Importance of a Name. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given b
6、elow。1. 有人说名字(或名称)很重要2. 也有人觉得名字(或名称)无关紧要3. 我认为,构思第一段时，想到可以来一句铺垫的话，如“名字重不重要是个有争议的话题”，可以写下controversial或topic，作为关键词；下一句是“有人说名字(或名称)很重要”，可以先写下important。再往后想两条理由或例证即可。理由如“好名字容易被记住，因而可以给人来更多机会”(关键词remember或opportunity)，和“按照传统理论起的名字可能会对人起到暗中庇护的作用”(关键词tradition或shelter)；例证如“有人认为毛泽东伟大是因为名字就大气，Bill Gates有钱是因
7、为他的名字可以表示钞票，姓表示很多大门，很多大门都来钱，所以有钱”。第二、三段情同此理。其实第一段想好了，后两段也就容易了。比如第二段可以将第一段的理由或例证反过来用，第三段可以总结或折中一下。字数还是比较容易写够的。,On the Importance of a Name,There is no denying the fact that it is a controversial topic whether names are important or not. Some hold the positive view. They claim that a good name, or a n
8、ame that can be easily remembered, can bring one a lot more opportunities than others. Some Chinese may also believe that a name designed according to the traditional theory of five elements can bring good luck.,Others, however, hold the opposite view. They argue that a name is nothing but a code to
9、 distinguish one from another. A person “good” name may not be as successful as the name indicates. In the same way, a person who has a common or casually given name can also achieve tremendous success. Personally, I believe that both sides have something right, so we should not go to extremes. On t
10、he one hand, we have to admit that a well designed name can help a person to some extent. On the other hand, we should not exaggerate the effect of a name on a persons fate. Anyway, a persons success mainly depends on his hard work and desirable personalities. (186 words),第二步：写作高分须遵循的5C法则,1、字迹清楚，段落明
11、朗(clear)：字体不要太大，也不要太小，以行间距的三分之一到二分之一为合适；另外，大小要一致，不要忽大忽小；字母的倾斜方向要一致，不要东倒西歪；要抵着给出的虚线写，不能上窜下跳；总之，要给阅卷人清楚、工整的感觉。段落一般为三段，采用段首缩进式，即每段开头空4至8个字母的格，每段段首缩进的量要一致，要让阅卷人一目了然。2、内容完整，紧扣提纲(complete)：一般来说，四、六级写作都会给出三点汉语提纲，考生应严格按照三点写成三段。不要有遗漏，也不要随意改变提纲要点的顺序。因为阅卷人要在30秒左右的时间打出分数，所以不希望看到与提纲严重背离的作文。,3、首保正确，再求闪光(correct)：
12、这一条是最核心的，因为在写作时间和篇幅都比较短的情况下，考生写出的内容几乎是一样的，唯一的判断标准几乎就是语言的质量。要首先保证语法和拼写正确，哪怕用小词、短句也可以。有能力的话再追求闪光的词句。例如，有考生在写2009年6月的作文时，写出了这样的开头句：There is no denying the fact that the vital of name has been a hotly debated topic in China. 注意：1）vital，是个形容词，而这里应该用名词。作者可能想用一个牛词来替换importance以显示用词多样，结果弄巧成拙。2）name之前应该有冠词a，
13、其实题目中都给了，结果这位同学忽略了，缺乏基本的语法意识。其实作文中常犯的语法错误除了冠词错误，还包括时态错误、名词和动词单复数错误、代词不一致错误、词性错误以及句子主谓不完整错误。,4、先总后分，连词用上(coherent)：这里说的是段落的结构和连贯性的问题。英语文章特别喜欢先总后分或开门见山的格局，另外，段落之间和句子之间的形式连接手段特别明显，即关联词用的很多。在写作的时候，几乎就是把给出的三点提纲作为每段的开头句，然后再加上两三个扩展句即理由或例证句就可以了。当然有时候为了论证自然或扩展字数也可以加上一点铺垫的句子。如2009年6月真题作文开头一句既可以是Some people cl
14、aim that names are of great importance. 也可以是There is no denying the fact that it is a controversial topic whether names are important or not. 然后再说Some hold the positive view。后面再加上两三句论证的话。论证句或扩展句之间最好有连接词，如First, Second, Besides, Also, Similarly, In the same way, However等等。,5、语言简练，论据得当(concise)：不要啰嗦，不
15、要过于重复和堆砌。有些同学背诵了一些经典的句型，为了凑字就全用上了，给人低层次的感觉。 应尽量平时多练，以期在考场上也能很快想到一些有力的理由和贴切的例证。另外，要敢于表达自己的思想，不要一味地为了保证语言正确而裹步不前，只说一些小学生的话。如有同学写09年真题第一段时写道：Some people think that names are important. They say that, if a person has a name, we can remember him. If he does not have a name, we cannot remember him. 这样的作文倒
16、是没有语言错误，但肯定也得不了高分。,第三步：进行词汇拼写和语法检查，并注意改正方式,应该在下笔写作的时候就谨慎，仔细，避免错误，但即便这样，错误也是会有的，包括语法和拼写错误，尤其对于平时缺乏练习的同学来说。那么就需要留几分钟通读一下，检查和改正。注意，要改的是一些语法或拼写错误，而不是作内容上的大的改动，换言之，是改一些词或词组，而不是改整个句子或段落，因为那样会造成卷面混乱，导致低分。要想避免内容上的错误，构思时就要想好，落笔时就要谨慎。还有改正错误要注意方式，尽量不要用涂改液或涂改带，以免有作弊嫌疑，也不要在一个词上涂画太多，影响卷面整洁。一般可以用一条斜线划掉错词，然后在其上方写出正
17、确的，或者用胶带或刀片之类轻轻将错词去掉，然后在原位置写出正确的。,考前备战,写作模板短文写作段落结构中的常用句型模拟练习,大学英语四、六级作文基本题型,分析建议类 原因分析类 对比/比较分析类 议论文 各抒己见类 理由陈述类 1) 提纲式作文 批驳分析类 举例/列举性说明文 知识性说明文 说明文 对比说明文 定义说明文 2) 段首句作文：议论文、说明文、记叙文 3) 图表作文：议论文、说明文 4) 规定情景式作文：议论文、说明文 5) 应用文：议论文、说明文、记叙文,写作模板,提纲式作文辩论式议论文图表式作文,提纲式作文,1 对立观点式 (cf. )A有人认为X 是好事，赞成X， 为什么？
18、B 有人认为X 是坏事， 反对X，为什么？ C我的看法。 Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。 However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the d
19、etails of this argument: 一个例子。 There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the disadvantages of X overweigh the advantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的又一个坏处。,2 批驳观点式 A一个错误观点。 B 我不同意。 Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they
20、mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。（According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响）。 There might be some element of truth in these peoples belief. But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错
21、误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief. (以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。,3 社会问题（现象）式 A一个社会问题或者现象。 B 产生的原因 C对社会和我们生活的影响 D 如何杜绝。（如果是问题的话） E 前景的预测。 Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem. (X has increasingly become a common concern of the public). Accordin
22、g to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。（或者是一个例子）。 There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon. 下面参照辩论式议论文的写法。 X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 A dozen of measures are supposed to take to preve
23、nt X from bringing us more harm. 参照辩论式议论文的写法。 Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will ,Create a green campus(2009.12)1.建设绿色校园十分重要2.绿色校园不仅指绿色环境3.为了建设绿色校园我们应该,Free admission to museums(2009.6) 1. 越来越多的博物馆免费开放的目的是 什么? 2. 也会带来一些问题 3. 你的看法,Free Admission to Mu
24、seums Nowadays, an increasing number of museums are admission-free to visitors home and abroad. The hidden reason behind this is not hard to analyze as theres a growing awareness for the authorities regarding the urgency of popularization of culture, knowledge and history with every average person i
25、n our society. Only with free access to this live database, can most people fully enjoy what museums could offer to them.,However, free admission to museums might lead to some social problems as well. The most obvious problem is that it might give museums a very heavy economic burden which directly
26、impedes the sustainable development of these organizations. As a result, our government has to work out other ways to collect funds from different channels, which might be difficult to operate or control. On the other hand, free admission attracts too many visitors, some of which might not be well-p
27、urposed and do some conscious or unconscious damage to the valuable treasures which used to be well- preserved in the museums.,As a university student, I am in favor of the free-admission conduct. Yet it is proposed that some measures should be taken to solve the potential problems caused by it. For
28、 example, museums can make some regulations to guide the behavior of visitors or set some closed days for museums for regular maintenance. Only in this way can free-admission to museums become a long-lasting phenomenon and have sustainable development.,Limiting the Use of Disposal Bags (2008.12)1. 一
29、次性塑料袋曾被广泛的使用2. 造成的问题3. 限制使用塑的意义,The Internet(2008.6) 1. 有人认为网络可以让学习、工作更有效率 2. 还有人认为网络让青少年沉迷，进而影响学习 3. 你对于网络的看法,辩论式议论文,模版1 Some people believe (argue, recognize, think) that 观点1. But other people take an opposite side. They firmly believe that 观点2. As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea. There
30、are a dozen of reasons behind my belief. First of all, 论据1. More importantly, 论据2. Most important of all, 论据3. In summary, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. /From above, we can predict that 预测.,模版2 People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while ot
31、hers point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2. Last but not the least, 论据3. To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. /From above, we can predict that 预测.,模版3 There is no consensus of opinions
32、 among people about X（争论的焦点）。Some people are of the view that 观点1，while others take an opposite side, firmly believing that 观点2。As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses. The reasons are obvious. First of all, 论据1. Furthermore, 论据2. Among all of the supporting e
33、vidences, one is the strongest. That is, 论据3. A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. /From above, we can predict that 预测.,图表式作文,It is obvious in the graph/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes. It has go
34、ne up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years (as X varies). At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of (多少). What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are (多少) reasons behind the situation reflected in the graph/table. First of all, (第一个原因). More importantly, (第二个原因). Most imp
35、ortant of all, (第三个原因). From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future. The trend described in the graph/table will continue for quite a long time (if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).,短文写作段落结构中的常用句型,1 . “引言” 段落中的常用句型As is depicted/
36、 shown/ described in the cartoon/ picture/ table/ bar chart/ pie chart, is a very popular topic which is much talked about not only by but also by There is no denying the fact that As is known to all, More and more people are realizing the importance of From what I have mentioned above we can see cl
37、early that （段落结尾用句）,2. “正文” 段落中的常用句型1） 分析原因 There are two/ some good/ possible reasons for The reason for is that We have two good reasons for/ against The reasons for are obvious. To begin with, . In addition, . Finally, ,2） 提出建议与措施 My suggestions to deal with/ solve/ tackle/ relieve the problem ar
38、e as follows. In the first place, . Secondly, . Finally, I suggest that first of all we should There are, I think, two possible suggestions which worth making. On the one hand, . On the other hand, I suggest that the government should adopt/resort to strong measures to deal with the problem.For one
39、thing, . For another, ,3）论述不同看法 Different people have different opinions on this question. Some people believe that . Others argue that . Still others assert that People differ in their views on the problem. According to some of them, . In the eyes of others, 4） 发表见解 It is important/ necessary/ urge
40、nt/ difficult/easy/ expensive/ desirable/ advisable/ convenient/ comfortable/ presumptuous(胆大妄为的, 放肆的, 无礼 的) for sb. to do sth.,5） 分析利弊 As a popular saying goes, “Everything has two sides.”, We should analyze this phenomenon from twosides. On the one hand, . On the other hand, We, however, must see
41、the problem/ matter in its right perspective(正确如实地). Before we decide, we must weigh up the pros and cons(权衡利弊). I think, we should debate the matter pro and con(从正反两面来辩论).,6） 举例阐述 For example, For instance, Lets take for example.7） 引证观点 It is generally believed/ accepted/ thought/ held/ assumed tha
42、t In their eyes, According to them, In their opinions, As is often stressed in the available literature on this subject(正如有关这个课题的现有文献中常常强调 的), ,8） 论述因果关系 causes/ produces/ brings about/ leads to/ results in 9） 论述相互关系 have/ has much/ something/ nothing to do with be closely related to be directly bou
43、nd up with ,3 图表概述或描述中的常用句型As is shown by the graph/ in the table/ in the picture Figures/ Statistics show that It can be seen/ shown/ concluded/ estimated from the table/ graph/ figures/ statistics that (数量总计) a. 总计为 amount to/ add up to/ come to/ sum up to b. 占百分之几 account for/ make up c. 占第几位 ran
44、k (first, second, )5) (数量增减) increase/ rise / decrease/ fall/ drop from to 6) (be) times as + 形容词 + as,total output/ production ( 总产量) the annual output/ production of ( 的年产量) rise by per cent (上升百分之) the daily output (日产量) result in a diminished output (导致产量下降)7) Compared with 8) There is/ was/ has
45、 been a rapid (sharp/ sudden/ steady/ gradual/ slow/ slight) rise (increase/ decrease/ decline/ fall/ drop) in be on the rise (increase/ decline),4 . “结尾” 段落中的常用句型 In my opinion, Personally, I In short/ In brief, In conclusion, As far as Im concerned, To conclude, it seems clear that ,模拟练习（1）,国学热 Si
46、nologyDirection: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of “The rehabilitation of Sinology”. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below：1、近年来，国学变得流行2、国学热的意义是什么3、我们应该,文章写作思路：现象描述+意义阐述+个人评论第一段：(主题句：)In recent years, Chinese traditional
47、culture, as Sinology, has become increasingly prevalent.(举例法扩展段落：exemplification) For instance, it is reported that many primary and secondary schools have set up courses of sinology, in which students are taught and required to recite classical work by Chinese ancient educators and philosophers, li
48、ke Confucius.(或者以百家讲坛为例进行说明：A good illustration is CCTV Lecture Room, where famous scholars, such as Yi Zhongtian and Yudan, give lectures on Chinese ancient philosophies and literatures.),第二段：(主题句)It is of vital significance for the public to acquire knowledge on Sinology. (起)For one thing, it is t
49、he essence of Chinese civilization with more than 5000 years. Thus, for individuals, they can enlarge their scope of knowledge, enrich their experience and adapt themselves to the complicated society. (承)For another, the rehabilitation of Sinology can contribute to a harmonious society.,第三段：(主题句)It
50、is highly expected that all Chinese people young and old- should inherit the merits of Sinology. Therefore,(起) in the first place, we are well-advised to read books by ourselves or to attend lectures on this issue.(承) In the second place, we have the obligation to advocate and encourage others to le
