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1、,Martin,时态（Tense),时态（Tense）,时态（Tense）是表示行为、动作和状态在各种时间条件下的动词形式。因此，当我们说时态结构的时候，指的是相应时态下的动词形式。英语时态分为16种：一般现在、一般过去、一般将来、过去将来时，以及这四者的进行时、完成时和完成进行时。,英语共有十六种时态，其表现形式如下(以study为例)：,一. 一般现在时,概念：表示通常性、规律性、习惯性的状态或者动作（有时间规律发生的事件）的一种时间状态。 1)经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态,常与表示频度的时间状语everyday,usually,always,often,sometimes等连用。Mr
2、s. Peter always carries an umbrella.（说明这是她的习惯，表明她现在仍然还习惯带着伞） He is very busy now. 2)表示主语的特征、性格、能力、爱好等。He can swim. I work hard. I like watching TV.,一. 一般现在时,3)表示客观真理 There are seven days in a week. 注意：此种用法即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。 I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school.
3、,一. 一般现在时,4) 表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，（仅限于某些表示“来、去、动 、停、开始、结束、继续”等的动词 ）可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用 。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式。The next train leaves at 3 oclockthis afternoon. （下一趟火车今天下午3点开车How often does this shuttle bus run? （这班车多久一趟？）,一. 一般现在时,时间状语：always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, mo
4、nth), once a week, on Sundays, etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。,练习：,1、我们每天上六节课。2、他经常6：30起床。3、Shanghai in the east of China.（上海位于中国的东部）4、安娜英文写得很好但她说得不好。5、下一趟汽车下午2点开。,lies,We have six classe
5、s everyday.,He often gets up at 6:30.,Anna writes good English but does not speak well.,The next bus leaves at 2:00 this aftnoon.,二. 一般过去时,概念：表示过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为；过去主语所具备的能力和性格。1) 表示过去某个时间发生的动作或情况，带有确定的时间状语。I slept well last night.2) 表示过去习惯性动作，过去一段时间内经常或反复的动作。Mrs. Peter always carried a
6、n umbrella.（只是表明她过去的动作，不表明她现在是否常带着伞）I never drank wine.我以前从不喝酒。 （不涉及到现在，不说明现在是否喝酒）,二. 一般过去时,3) 如果强调已经终止的习惯时要用used to doHe used to drink.（意味着他现在不喝酒了。喝酒这个动作终止了）I used to take a walk in the morning.我过去是在早晨散步。（意味着现在不在早晨散步了）,二. 一般过去时,3)有些句子，虽然没有表示过去确定的时间的状语，但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话，也要用过去时。I didnt know you w
7、ere in Paris.（因为在说话时，我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前，所以只能用过去时表示。实际上，这句话暗指：But now I know you are here.),二. 一般过去时,时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long ago, once upon a time, etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词
8、前加didnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did提问，同时还原行为动词。,二. 一般过去时,行为动词的一般过去式变化规则行为动词的过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种。规则动词过去式的构成有四条规则：(1)一般在动词原形末尾直接加上-ed。如：look-looked。以不发音的字母e结尾的动词，去e再加-ed。如：live-lived。末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop-stopped。末尾是辅音字母+y结尾的动词，先变y为i，然后再加-ed。如：study-studied。(2)不规则动词的过去式需特殊
9、记忆。如：am(is)-was, are-were, go-went, come-came, take-took, have (has)-had等。,二. 一般过去时,一般过去时的公式：肯定： be分为was/were v+ed否定： was/were not didnt+v疑问： was/were+主语 did+主语+v,练习：,1、A:你上个星期去了北京吗 B:是的，我去了。/不，我没去。2、A:你昨天晚上干了什么事情？ B:我做作业了。3、他以前总是每周看望一次他的母亲。,Did you go to Beijing last week?,Yes,I did./No,I didnt.,Wh
10、at did you do last night?,I did my homwork.,He used to visit his mother once a week.,三. 现在进行时(be doing),概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。强调“此时此刻”。时间状语：now, at this time, these days, look, listen, etc.He is reading a book now. 他正在看书。(目前正在干的事情) They are doing homework these days. 这几天他们都在做作业。 基本结构：am/is/are+doin
11、g,三. 现在进行时(be doing),否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing.He is buying a bike.He isnt buying a bike.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。Is he buying a bike?,练习,1、他正在读书2、Look！He his mother do the housework.看！他正在帮他妈妈做家务。3、They in the room.(sing)4、We (play) games now.5、Its 10:00 a.p. My mother (lie) in the bed.,He is reading a book.,
12、is helping,are singing,are playing,is lying,四、过去进行时,概念：表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内进行或发生的动作。其形式为was /were + V-ing 。常与表示过去的时间状语连用：at this time yesterday, at that time。或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。,四、过去进行时,基本结构：was/were+doing否定形式：was/were + not + doing.一般疑问句：把was或were放于句首。,四、过去进行时,A) 表示在过去一个比较具体的时间正在发生的动作。例：Mary was
13、 listening to light music 10 minutes ago.（10分钟前，玛丽正在听轻音乐。）B) 如果when, while这样的时间状语引导词所引导的主从句之一是一般过去时，则另一个句子常用过去进行时。例：I was washing my hair when you knocked at the front door.（你敲前门时我正在洗头发。）,练习,1、I （have) my breakfast at half past six yesterday morning.2、They (not make) a model ship when I saw him.3、Wh
14、en the bell rang, Jenny (wait) in her seat. 4、She (make) her dress the whole afternoon.5、My brother came into the bedroom while I (dance).,was having,were not making,was waiting,was making,was dancing,五、现在完成时(have done),概念：过去发生并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果，过去某一时间开始并一直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。时间状语：recently, lately
15、, sincefor,in the past few years, etc.基本结构：have/has + done否定形式：have/has + not +d one.一般疑问句：have或has。,五、现在完成时(have done),A) 表示动作到现在为止已经完成或刚刚完成。 I have been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came. 当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。,五、现在完成时(have done),B) 表示从过去某时刻开始，持续到现在的动作或情况，并且有可能会继续延续下去。此时经常用延续性动词。
16、时间状语常用since加一个过去的时间点，或for加一段时间，或by加一个现在时间。He have worked in that factory since 1949. 他自从1949年以来他就在那家工厂工作。 By nine oclock this morning , we have gotten 200 pictures from the spaceship. 到今早9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图片。,练习,1、I (spend) all of my money so far.2、My father (go) to work. 3、Mary (ill) for three da
17、ys.4、I (live) here since 1998.5、She (pass) the exam so far. 6、My father (be) in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.,have spent,（含义：我现在没钱花了）,has gone,（含义：我爸爸现在已经不在这儿了）,has been ill,have lived,has passed,has been,（还在所呆的地方）,六. 过去完成时(had done),概念：过去完成时是表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作、事情。它表示的是发生在“
18、过去的过去”的动作，只有在和过去某个时间或动作相比较的时候才会使用过去完成时。 时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc.基本结构：had + done.否定形式：had + not + done.一般疑问句：had放于句首,六. 过去完成时(had done),1. 由时间状语来判定 （ 1 ） by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine oclock last night. （ 2 ） by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learn
19、ed over two thousand English words by the end of last term. （ 3 ） before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.,六. 过去完成时(had done),2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 1）She said that she had seen the film before. 2）After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.3）We had hoped that you
20、would come, but you didnt.,练习,1、She (live) here for several years.2、By the time my parents reached home yesterday, I (cook) the dinner already.3、He asked me during the summer holidays.(他昨天问我假期去了哪里）4、 By the end of last week, they _ (complete) the bridge.,had lived,had cooked,where I had been,had com
21、pleted,七、一般将来时,概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.,七、一般将来时,A) 基本结构是will / shall do。例：We shall send her a glass hand-made craft as her birthday gift.B) 有些动词，如：arr
22、ive, close, come, do, go, have, leave, open, play, return, sleep, start, stay等，用于现在进行时，并且通常与一个表示将来时间的时间状语连用，可以表示将来时。例：My mother is coming to visit me next week and is staying here until May.,练习,1、There a meeting tomorrow afternoon.（明天下午将会有个会议）2、If they come, we (have) a meeting.3、He in three days.（他
23、3天后会回来）4、There (is) a birthday party next Sunday.5、It (take) us a long time to learn English well.,is going to be,will have,will come back,will be,will take,八、过去将来时,概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc.基本结构：was/were/going to + do；would/should +
24、 do.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do.一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；would/should提到句首。,八、过去将来时,判断这种时态的依据是:要有表示过去的“动作”,而不是时间。例: I said on Thursday I should see my friend the next day.（我星期四说我将于第二天拜访我的朋友。） 例：I knew he was about to go to England.例：She said she was leaving this evening.,练习,1、
25、We didnt know whether he (speak) at the meeting.2、Jenny said she (spend) her holiday in China.3、I heard that they (return) to Shanghai soon.4、Lily rang up her mother that (buy) some books.,was going to speak,would spend,were going to return,would buy,九、现在完成进行时,概念：现在完成进行时，是英语中，动词的一种基本时态，其构成为：主语+助动词（h
26、ave）+动词的过去分词+其他成分。其表达的意思有两种：1.表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。2.表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。,九、现在完成进行时,主语+have（has）been+动词-ing （一）表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且还将持续下去。 例：The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中国有2000年的造纸历史。（动作还将继续下去）,九、现在完成进行时,（二）表示在说话时刻之前到现在正在进行的动作。 We have been waiting for you fo
27、r half an hour.我们已经等你半个钟头了。（人还没到，如同在电话里说的，还会继续等）,练习,1、We (work) on this project for over a month now.2、I (learn) English since three years ago. 3、I (write) a book.4、He (work) here for five years.5、They (live) in this city for ten years.,have been working,have been learning,have been writing,has been
28、 working,have been living,十、 将来完成时,概念：表示从将来的某一时间开始、延续到另一个将来时间的动作或状态（即是在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作），或是发生在某个将来时间，但对其后的另一个将来时间有影响的动作或状态。就好象把现在完成时平移到时间轴的将来时时段一样。,十、 将来完成时,将来完成时(shall/will have done)例 The conference _ a full week by the time it ends.A) must have lasted B) will have lasted C) would last D) has
29、lasted,B,练习,1、Before long he (forget) all about the matter.2、 Kevin for 10 years next month?(到下个月你认识凯文该有10年了吧？）3、We 12 units by the end of this term.(到这个学期末，我们将学完12个单元。）,will have forgotten,Will you have kown,shall have learned,十一. 将来进行时(will be doing),用法：强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。 例：Dont worry, you wo
30、nt miss her. She will be wearing a red T-shirt and a white skirt at that time.（别担心，你不会认不出她的。她到时会穿一件红色的T恤衫和一条白色的短裙。）,十二、将来完成进行时,shall have been doing ，will have been doing 例：By the end of next month, the project will have been being worked for 3 years. （到下个月底为止，这项工程就已经不停地进行了3年了。）（被动语态）,十三、过去完成进行时,had been doing 例：The old clock had been being taken apart of and fixed up again for several times by my 10-year old son before I came back home.（我回到家之前，我10岁大的儿子已经把这个旧钟表拆卸并重新组装了好几回了。（此处强调“拆卸”和“组装”这两个过去的过去的动作一直在反复进行。）（被动语态）,
