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1、从这些名言看，庄子是个怎样的人？,1、相濡以沫，不如相忘于江湖。2、人生天地之间，若白驹过隙，忽然而已。3、相视而笑，莫逆于心。4、君子之交淡若水，小人之交甘若醴。5、吾生也有涯，而知也无涯。5、独善其身者，难成大事。6、窃钩者诛，窃国者为诸侯。7、顺我者生，逆我者死。8、一尺之捶，日取其半，万世不竭。9、偃鼠饮河，不过满腹。10、只可意会，不可言传。,庄子（约前369前286）名周，字子休。战国时宋国蒙（今河南商丘东北）人，曾为漆园吏 。战国时著名思想家、文学家、哲学家。 道家学派主要代表人物。与老子并称为“老庄”“道学之祖”。,走近作者,庄子具有很高的文学价值。其文汪洋恣肆，想象丰富，气势
2、壮阔。庄子共33篇，分内篇、外篇、杂篇。内篇7篇为庄子所作，外篇15篇和杂篇11篇，一般认为是其门人和后学者的伪作。,作品介绍,课文选的两则故事第一则选自内篇中的逍遥游，第二则选自外篇中的秋水。标题是编者加的。,庄子生活的年代，正是我国古代社会大变革、大动荡、大战乱的时代，其时周王朝名存实亡，各诸侯国之间的战争愈演愈烈，战争也空前残酷。庄子对这样的社会现实及统治者深为不满，时时进行尖锐的批判，发出沉痛的抗议；他对自己无力改变这样的社会现实心有不甘，想用自己的一套思想和人生观来影响和改造人们。这正是庄子思想产生的社会背景和主观原因。,写作背景,庄子曾做过漆园吏，但他不满现实，不愿与统治阶级合作，
3、据传楚王曾以千金相邀为相，被其拒绝。庄子后来当了隐士，以表明自己愤世嫉俗，蔑视名利、痛恨权贵的心志。庄子继承了老子“道法自然”的观点，认为“道”是无限的、“自本自根”“无所不在”的，强调事物的自生自灭，否认有神的主宰。,北冥有鱼,北冥有鱼,北冥/ （ mng ）有鱼，其名/为鲲（kn）。鲲之大，不知/其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名/为鹏。鹏之背，不知/其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼/若垂天之云。是/鸟也，海运/则/将徙 （ x ）于南冥。南冥者，天池也。齐谐 （xi）者，志怪者也。 谐之言曰：“鹏/之徙于南冥也，水击/三千里，抟（tun）扶摇而上者/九万里，去以六月息者也。”野马也，尘埃也，生物/之以息
4、相吹也。天之苍苍，其正色邪 （ y ） ？其远/而无所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是/则已矣。,北冥有鱼，其名为鲲。鲲之大，不知其几千里也；化而为鸟，其名为鹏。,北海有一条鱼，它的名字叫做鲲。鲲的巨大，不知道有几千里。变化成为鸟，它的名字叫做鹏。,同“溟”，海。,大鱼名,主谓间，取消句子独立性,它的,表修饰。不译,疏通文意,叫做,鹏之背，不知其几千里也；怒而飞，其翼若垂天之云。,悬挂,助词，的,鹏的背，不知道有几千里长；奋起而飞时，它的翅膀像悬挂在天空的云。,表修饰。地,助词，的,用力鼓动翅膀,是鸟也，海运则将徙于南冥。南冥者，天池也。齐谐者，志 怪者也。,这只鸟，当海动风起时就飞往南海。那南海，就
5、是个天然的水池。齐谐这部书，是记载怪异之事的。,天然形成的水池,记载,到,迁徙,海水运动,这,形作名：怪异的事情,这本书,就会,旋风,谐之言曰：“鹏之徙于南冥也，水击三千里，抟扶摇而上者九万里，去以六月息者也。”野马也，尘埃也，生物之以息相吹也。,齐谐书里记载说：“大鹏飞往南海时，拍打水面激起来的水花达三千里，乘着旋风盘旋飞至九万里的高空，凭借着六月的大风离开。山野中的雾气，空气中的尘埃，都是生物用气息吹拂的结果。,主谓之间，取消句子的独立性,不译,盘旋飞翔,风,山野中的雾气，奔腾如野马,顺连，不译,主谓之间，取消句子的独立性,不译,拍打水面,离开,凭借,主谓之间，取消句子的独立性,不译,状元
6、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元
7、成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,天之苍苍，其正色邪？其远而无
8、所至极邪？其视下也，亦若是则已矣。,天空湛蓝，是它真正的颜色吗？还是因为天空高远而看不到尽头呢？大鹏从天空往下看的时候，也不过像人在地面上看天一样罢了。,真正的,同“耶”，疑问语气词，吗,代指大鹏,名作状,向下,这样,尽头,湛蓝,还是。表选择,因而,主谓间，取消句子独立性,就,止,罢了,代它,达到,“鹏”意象对中国文学的影响,九万里/风/鹏正举 风休住 蓬舟吹取三山去（李清照）,自信人生二百年，会当击水三千里（毛泽东）,岳飞字：_,考上大学赠言：_,鹏举,鹏程万里,龙洋,1、说说文中讲了哪几层意思，请概括各层所写内容。,课文解读,第一层：描述鲲鹏形象。,第二层：鹏鸟南飞有所凭借的。 (万物皆有
9、所条件) 。,2、大鹏的形象有哪些特点呢？给人怎样的感受？,形体硕大无比,鲲鹏,变化神奇莫测,奋飞气势壮美,从体大、背大、翼大以及活动范围大（长度：从北海到南海；高度：九万里）四个方面极写鲲鹏形象磅礴壮观。,2、本文借用鲲鹏的寓言故事，用了什么修辞方法？说明什么道理？,用夸张的手法描述鲲鹏的庞大。用游气、飞尘、生物与鲲、鹏相对比，说明它们的渺小了。,这则故事以大鹏南飞为喻，说明世上的万物无论大小，都受到不同的限制，处在不同的束缚之中。,想象丰富，意境开阔。,北冥有鱼大鹏向南飞行，需要乘着六月的风而去。也就是说，大鹏的飞行是有所制约的。它虽然能够在天空翱翔，看似自由自在，但其实还要借助风的力量，
10、也就是说，它受到了风的制约。如果没有大风，大鹏是不可能飞翔的。因此，在天空翱翔的大鹏其实并没有达到真正的逍遥。,课文小结,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
11、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
12、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,李白一生常以大鹏自比，下面这首上李邕，是他写给当时德高望重的名士、北海太守李邕的。结合注释，并查阅工具书，说说诗人借助大鹏的形象表达了怎样的情感。（课本118）,拓展延伸,大鹏一日同风起，扶摇直上九万里。假令风歇时下来，犹能簸却沧溟水。世人见我恒殊调，见余大言皆冷笑。宣父犹能畏后生，丈夫未可轻年少。,上李邕 ,【唐】李白,宣父：指孔子。唐太宗曾下诏尊称孔子为“宣父”。,畏后生：语出论语子罕：“后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？”,大鹏哪一天顺风飞起， 能扶摇直上飞到九万里高。,即使在风歇时
13、停下来， 它的力量还能簸干沧海的水。,世人见我常发奇谈怪论， 听了我的大话都冷笑不已。,孔圣人还说怕后生， 大丈夫可不能轻视年轻人啊！,yng,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
14、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
15、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,上李邕是唐代伟大诗人李白青年时期的作品。此诗通过对大鹏形象的刻画与颂扬，表达了李白的凌云壮志和强烈的进取之心，对李邕瞧不起年轻人的态度非常不满，表现了李白勇于追求而且自信、自负、不畏流俗的精神。年轻的李白敢于向大人物挑战，充满了初生牛犊不怕虎的锐气。,可以联想我们学过的杜甫一首诗？,望岳：会当凌绝顶，一览众山小。,1、背诵全文；2、口译本文。,课后作业,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,濠水上的桥。濠，水名，在今安徽凤阳。,在,桥,惠施，宋国商丘人，战国时期著名
16、的政治家、哲学家，名家思想的开山鼻祖和主要代表人物。惠施是合纵抗秦的最主要的组织人和支持者。魏惠王在位时，惠施因为与张仪不和而被驱逐出魏国，他首先到楚国，后来回到家乡宋国，并在宋国国都商丘与老乡庄子成为朋友。,了解惠施，感知作品背景：,庄子与惠子/游于/濠梁之上。庄子曰：“鯈( )鱼/出游从容，是/鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子/非鱼，安知/鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子/非我，安知/我/不知/鱼之乐？”惠子曰：“我/非子，固/不知子矣；子/固/非鱼也，子/之不知/鱼之乐/全矣！”庄子曰：“请/循其本。子曰汝( )/安知鱼乐云者，既/已知吾知之/而问我。我/知之/濠上也。”,朗读节奏,tio,r,状元成才路
17、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
18、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上
19、。庄子曰：“鲦鱼出游从容，是鱼之乐也。”惠子曰：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”庄子曰：“子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐？”,庄子与惠施在濠水的桥上游玩。庄子说：“白鲦鱼(在河水中)游得悠闲自得，这是鱼的快乐啊。”惠施说：“你不是鱼，怎么知道鱼的快乐呢？”庄子说：“你不是我，怎么知道我不知道鱼的快乐呢？”,悠闲自得,疑问代词，怎么，哪里。,您,这,惠施说：“我不是你，固然不知道你；你本来就不是鱼，你不知道鱼的快乐，是可以肯定的了！”庄子说：“请从我们最初的话题说起。你说你怎么知道鱼的快乐等等，说明你已经知道我知道鱼的快乐而在问我，我是在濠水的桥上知道的。”,惠子曰：“我非子，固不知子矣；子固非鱼也，子之不知
20、鱼之乐，全矣！”庄子曰：“请循其本。子曰汝安知鱼乐云者，既已知吾知之而问我，我知之（ ）濠上也。”,追溯,固然,完全，肯定,这，话题,助词，句末，引出下文,主谓间，取消句子独立性,最初,已经,代鱼的快乐,顺连，不译,代鱼的快乐,介词“于”,你,本来,课文解读,1、庄子认为“出游从容”的鱼儿很快乐，表现了他怎样的心境？,庄子认为鱼“乐”，其实是他愉悦心境的投射与外化。他认为一切事物都是相对的，人的认识也是如此，他来到濠水之滨，“从容出游”，自己感到快乐，于是见到鱼也快乐。,庄子是靠偷换概念，曲解惠子的意思，才在争论中占了上风。所以说，惠子才是胜者。,从逻辑上看，惠子是胜者。,2、关于这场辩论的结
21、果，有人说是庄子赢了，有人说是惠子赢了，你认为是谁赢了？为什么？,3、从今天的逻辑上看，庄子有没有机会赢呢？,惠子最初的发问是这样的：“子非鱼，安知鱼之乐？”这里暗含有这样的判断：惠子已经知道庄子“非鱼”了（我非子，固不知子矣）。因此，庄子完全可以这样回敬惠子：你不是我却知我；我不是鱼，我当然也当然也可以知道鱼啊。,惠子,庄子,4、读了这则故事，你比较喜欢他们二人中的哪一个？为什么？,好辩论，重分析，对事物有一种寻根究底的态度，重知识的探讨。比较理性。,机智，重感受，对外界认识带有欣赏的态度。超然物外，崇尚自由。,深入探究,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
22、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路
23、,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,【词类活用】,1、其视下也,（ ）,2、志怪者也,（ ）,【通假字】,文言小结,冥,通溟：海,名词用作状语
24、，往下,形作名，怪异的事情,（ ）,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,
25、状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,状元成才路,【古今异义】,1、南冥者，天池也。,3、子非我，安知我不知鱼之乐。,2、安知鱼之乐。,古义：今义：,古义：今义：,古义：今义：,（ ）,（ ）,（ ）,（ ）,（ ）,（ ）,高山湖泊名,天然形成的水池,怎么,安全,对人的尊称,孩子，儿子,【文言句式】,1、齐谐者，志怪者也,2、是鱼之乐也,倒装句,介词短语后置，以六月息者也去,状语后置，庄子与惠子于濠梁之上游,省略句,省介词“于”，我知之（于）濠上,判断句,者也：表判断,也：表判断,1、去以六月息者也,2、庄子与惠子游于濠梁之上,1、我知之濠上也,
