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1、,Old Summer Palace,The Location of Old Summer Palace,It is located 8 kilometres (5.0mi) northwest of the walls of theImperial City and was built in the 18th and early 19th century as the place where the emperors of theQing dynastyresided and handled government affairs (theForbidden City was used for
2、 formal ceremonies).,The Old Summer Palace was known for its extensive collection of garden and building architectures and other works of art (a popular name in China was the Garden of Gardens,simplified Chinese:万园之园;traditional Chinese:萬園之園;pinyin:wn yun zh yun).,The Imperial Gardens at the Old Sum
3、mer Palace were made up of three gardens:Garden of Perfect Brightness proper (simplified Chinese:圆明园;traditional Chinese:圓明園;pinyin:Yunmng Yun)Garden of Eternal Spring (simplified Chinese:长春园;traditional Chinese:長春園;pinyin:Chngchn Yun)Elegant Spring Garden (simplified Chinese:绮春园;traditional Chinese
4、:綺春園;pinyin:Qchn Yun),Initial construction of the Old Summer Palace began in 1707 during the reign of the Kangxi Emperor . It was intended as a gift for the emperors fourth son, Prince Yong (the futureYongzheng Emperor), who would greatly expand the Imperial Gardens in 1725. The Yongzheng Emperor al
5、so introduced the waterworks of the gardens, creating lakes, streams and ponds to complement the rolling hills and grounds, and named 28 scenic spots within the garden.,Period I,The History of Old Summer Palace,During theQianlong Emperors reign, the second expansion was well underway and the number
6、of scenic spots increased to 50 (the emperor personally directed the construction process). The splendors of the palace and the grounds were depicted in theForty Views of the Yuanmingyuan, an album produced in 1744 by the Qianlong Emperors court painters.,Period II,The last European appearance in th
7、e Old Summer Palace in the context of traditional Chinese imperial foreign relations, was adiplomatic mission in 1795 representing the interests of the Dutch andDutch East India Company. The Titsingh delegation includedIsaac Titsingh,the Dutch-AmericanAndreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest,and the F
8、renchmanChrtien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes.Both published complementary accounts of the mission. Titsingh died before he could publish his version of the events,Period III,Looting of the Old Summer Palace by Anglo-French forces in 1860 during theSecond Opium War.,The process of invading,The Destruction
9、 of Old Summer Palace,In 1860, during theSecond Opium War, British and French expeditionary forces, having marched inland from the coast atTianjin (Tientsin), arrived inBeijing (Peking).,In mid-September, two envoys,Henry Loch andHarry Parks went ahead of the main force under a flag of truce to nego
10、tiate withPrince Yiand representatives of the Qing Empire atTongzhou (Tungchow).,On the night of 6 October, French units diverted from the main attack force towards the Old Summer Palace.,On October 18,Lord Elgin, the British High Commissioner to China, retaliated against the torture and executions
11、by ordering the destruction of the Old Summer Palace.,Aftermath,In 1873, the teenageTongzhi Emperorattempted to rebuild the Old Summer Palace, on the pretext of turning it into a place of retirement for his two former regents, the empress dowagersCianandCixi. However, the imperial court lacked the f
12、inancial resources to rebuild the palace, and at the urging of the court, the emperor finally agreed to stop the project in 1874. During the 1880s, an adjacent imperial gardens, the Gardens of Clear Ripples (the present-daySummer Palace) was restored for the use of Empress Dowager Cixi as a new summer resort, albeit on a smaller scale.,Thank You !,
