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1、Noam Chomsky,“除了置疑一切，我不知道还有别的选择。” - 乔姆斯基,Main interests Linguistics Psychology Philosophy of language Philosophy of mind Politics Ethics Notable ideas Generative grammar, universal grammar, transformational grammar, government and binding, X-bar theory, Chomsky hierarchy, context-free grammar, princ
2、iples and parameters, the minimalist program, language acquisition device, poverty of the stimulus, Chomsky-Schtzenberger theorem, Chomsky Normal Form, propaganda model,We focus on,1 Transformational-Generative Grammar2 Competence Vs performance3 Deep structure and surface structure4 The Innateness
3、Hypothesis,1.Five stages of development生成语法理论,1) The Classical Theory,古典理论（Classical Theory,19551965), which aims to make linguistics a science. Syntactic Structures,1975 2)The Standard Theory,标准理论（Standard Theory,1965-1970）,which deals with how semantics should be studied in a linguistic theory Asp
4、ects of the Theory of Syntax,19653)The Extended Standard Theory,扩展的标准理论（Extended Standard Theory,19701980), which focuses discussion on language universals and universal grammar . Studies on Semantic in Generative Grammar,1972 4)The Revised Extended Standard Theory修正的扩展标准理论（Revised Extended Standard
5、 Theory,19801992)(or GB), which focuses on Government and Binding Lectures on Government and Binding,1981 5)The Minimalist Program最简方案（Minimalist Program)和最简探索（ Minimalist Inquires）, which is a further revision of the previous theory. The Minimal Program,1995 Minimalist Inquiries: The Framework,1998
6、,Two Aspects of TG Grammar,Transformational Aspect,Generative Aspect,This means that a grammar must generate all and only grammatical sentences of a language.,Chomsky proposes the idea of transformation which refers to a kind of process that transforms one sentence into another.,Competence Vs perfor
7、mance,A set of rules that have been internalized in a persons mind.,Any actual utterances a speaker makes in a particular situation .,D-structure: the first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the heads subcategorization properties.S-structure: the second, corresponding to the final syntactic
8、form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations.,Deep structure and surface structure,Surface Structure,Sentences or phrases that are pronounced or written.,?,Deep Structure,The structure that contains all the units and relationships that are necessary for interpreting the meanin
9、g of the sentence.,?,Deep structure,S NP VP Det N Infl V the train will arrive,Surface structure,Will the train arrive?,Language acquisition,1 A behaviourist view of language acquisition2 An innatist view of language acquisition3 An interactionist view of language acquisition,天赋假说及经验触发论,乔姆斯基认为语言是某种天
10、赋，儿童天生就具有一种学习语言的能力，叫做“语言习得机制”（LAD）。这是一种很适合他们学习语言的独特的知识。在乔姆斯基看来，儿童生来就有一种独特的天赋才能。他们不仅有一般的倾向和潜力，而且有着关于世界本质的知识，尤其是关于语言本质的知识。按照他的观点，对语言或语言结构的研究能够揭示人类思维的本质。,天赋假说及经验触发论,没有接触过语言，是不可能拥有语言能力的。这种自幼对人类语言的接触就是乔氏所说的经验的触发。 例如: 十几岁的“狼孩”不会说话，正是因为缺少了必要的客观条件即“经验”。,The Innateness Hypothesis,He believes that language is
11、 somewhat innate, and that children are born with what he calls a Language Acquisition Device, which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning. Universal grammar(UG),3.The influence,In the late 1950s,the appearance of TG Grammar in America violently punched the prevailing st
12、ructuralist descriptive linguistics. Chomskys theories are popular, particularly in the United State, but they have never been free from controversy. Criticism has come from a number of different directions. Some critics (see language learning) have questioned whether it is necessary to posit Univer
13、sal Grammar in order to explain child language acquisition, arguing that domain-general learning mechanisms are sufficient. Today there are many different branches of generative grammar; one can view grammatical frameworks such as head-driven phrase structure grammar, lexical functional grammar and combinatory categorial grammar as broadly Chomsky and generative in orientation, but with significant differences in execution.,小结,“不论功与过，对与错，乔姆斯基的语法理论无疑是最有活力最有影响力的；任何一个语言学家，只要他不愿在自己的学科中落伍，都不敢漠视乔姆斯基的理论。现今每一个其他“流派”的语言学都要以乔姆斯基在某些问题上的观点为参照来界定自己的地位。” Thanks for your attention!,
