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1、,Francis Bacon,(1561-1626),General introductionWorks Theory on philosophyMottos of Bacon,Sir Francis Bacon,Born in London in 1561 in a prominent and well-connected family, his father Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord keeper of the Great Seal (掌玺大臣)to the Queen Elizabeth , she called Bacon the “Little Lord ke
2、eper ”.Educated at home. In 1573, at the age of just twelve, he entered Trinity College, CambridgeIn 1576 ,at 16, after graduating he took up law，and completed his law degree in 1582; In 1588 he was named lecturer in legal studies at Grays Inn(格雷法律学院)and elected to Parliament in 1584 as a member of
3、the House of Commons,From 1604-1618，he filled a succession of high-profile advisory positions:1604 Appointed Kings Counsel. 王室法律顾问1607 Named Solicitor General. 副检察长1608 Appointed Clerk of the Star Chamber. 1613 Appointed Attorney General. 首席检察官1616 Made a member of the Privy Council. 枢密院顾问1617 Appoi
4、nted Lord Keeper of the Royal Seal (his fathers former office). 掌玺大臣1618 Made Lord Chancellor and made a peer with the titles of Baron Verulam (维鲁兰男爵)1621Gained the titles of Baron Viscount St Alban（奥尔本斯子爵）,Later life,He was a admirable judge, but in the course of his rising he has made enemies who
5、finally combined to bring against him charges of bribery and the betrayal of justice .Bacons guilt lay less in financial corruption than in too great readiness to allow court influence to affect his legal decisions.He was convicted, deprived of his office, and banished from LondonHe died in 1626 and
6、 spent the remaining years in his literacy and philosophical works.,Francis Bacon, a representative of the English renaissance, is a well-known philosopher, scientist, essayist and the founder of induction(归纳法) He devoted almost half of his life to political career while known as a philosophical adv
7、ocate and defender of the scientific revolution,Bacons Works,1. Philosophical: Advancement of Learning（论学术的进展 ） (1605 ) Novum Organum（新工具论） (1620 )2. Literary: Essays 论说随笔文集 (1625) The New Atlantics 新亚特兰蒂斯3. Professional: Maxim of the Law 格言集 Reading on the Statute of Uses 阅读在法令的应用,A great tract on
8、education,In this book Bacon highly praised knowledge, refuting the objections to learning Great significance : in Bacons time, his separation theology from scientific observation and experiment makes a great step forward in science,Novum Organum (1620),Outstanding treatise written in Latin on metho
9、dology The argument is for the use of inductive method(归纳法)or reasoning（推理） in scientific studyBacon advanced the necessity of acccurate observations & experimentationShows the new empirical attitude toward truth about nature,Section III,Theory on philosophy “The real father of English materialism a
10、nd experimental sciences of modern times in general” -Marx,The Baconian System of Philosophy,Bacons philosophy emphasizes the belief that people are the servants and interpreters of nature, that truth is not derived from authority, and that knowledge is the fruit of experience. He presents us a new
11、worldview of materialism, which gets rid of the prejudice and obscuration of scholasticism(经院哲学) and theological （神学上的） basis.,Epistemology:认识论,Empiricism经验主义 1. a doctrine that all knowledge is based on experience2. Sense & experience,Bacon thought that the sense organ is the only way that can be u
12、sed by people to know this objective world .Although he emphasized the importance of sensational experience, he didnt regard it as the absolute law for the limitations of sense organs,Scientific methodology（科学方法论）: Inductive method（归纳法） /reasoning（推理） in scientific studyInduction implies drawing kno
13、wledge from the natural world through experimentation, observation, and testing of hypotheses. In the context of his time, such methods were connected with the occult(超自然的) trends of hermeticism (赫尔墨斯神智学)and alchemy 炼金术 His works establish and popularize an inductive methodology for scientific inqui
14、ry, often called the Baconian method.,methodology,Mottos by Bacon,Wives are young mens mistresses , companions for middle age, and old mens nurse妻子是年轻时的情人，中年时的伴侣，老年的陪护 live to learn ,but learn to live 活着就要学习，学习不是为了活着It is a strange desire to seek power and to lose liberty, or to seek power over othe
15、rs and to lose power over a mans self.为追求权力而失去自由，为追求统治别人的权力而失去自身的权力，这是一种不可思议的欲望。,Money is a good servant and a bad master. 金钱是善仆，也是恶主。Money is like muck, not good except it be spread. 金钱好比粪肥，只有撒到大地才是有用Beauty is like a rich stone, best plain set. 美貌就像宝石，不用装饰最好。The sum of behavior is to retain a mans
16、own dignity, without in -truing upon the liberty of others.人的行为准则是，维护自己的尊严而又不妨碍他人的自由,The Essays are popular for 3 reasons:,1. The literary form was new to the English audience; 2. The essays cover a variety of subjects; 3. The essays are sinewy though short, full of wisdom, and elegantly phrased.,Th
17、e organizationPart 1: The purpose of studies.Part 2: The methods/measures of readingPart 3: The benefits of reading,Of Studies,“Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in
18、 the judgement and disposition of business.”读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。,Reading has three functions. It delights you; It beautifies you; and it strengthens your ability.,Part 1,privateness: private lifediscourse: carrying on a conversation,The delight of reading li
19、es in your private life and retirement. The beautifying of reading lies in how you talk to others. The way reading strengthens your ability lies in your act of judging, how you assess a person or situation or event and how you deal with it.,How to read books?,Part 2,Method One,“Read not to contradic
20、t and confute ; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider.”Dont disagree hostilely when you are reading, dont believe it wholly. We should not only focus on the words and sentences , but also think about it back and forth.,superstition,Method Two,
21、“Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.”Taste: To read in the way that you test the taste of food, to read bits here and there Swallow: To read the whole book or story, but with little attention or without through understanding.Chew and digest: T
22、o read carefully and slowly and then think about and understand the meaning or importance of books.,That is to say:,Different books, different attitudes. Some books are just for appreciation, some for entertainment, some should be digested.,Benefit of reading,“Reading maketh a full man; conference a
23、 ready man; and writing an exact man.”,Reading fulfills a man, discussion makes a man witty, note makes a man clear.,Part 3,“And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit: and if he read little, he had need have much cunnin
24、g, to seem to know that he doth not.”,parallelism,Therefore, men who dont take notes often should strengthen the memory, men who dont discuss often should be smarter, and men who dont often read should be more sophisticated.,Histories make men wise; poets, witty; the mathematics, subtle; natural phi
25、losophy, deep, moral, grave; logic and rhetoric, able to contend.读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩；凡有所学，皆成性格。,Learning histories makes men clear-minded; learning poems makes men clever; learning mathematics makes men careful and cautious; learning natural philosophy, your mind will be b
26、roadened, your principles will be regulated, and your way of thinking will be serious; learning logic and rhetoric, you will be able to argue with others clearly and effectively.,Parallelism and ellipsis With these two rhetorical devices, the sentences have become more simple and the important point
27、s are highlighted.In such sentences, parallelism and ellipsis bring great help to express Bacons strong emotions.,Analogy,In Bacons essays , except for using a great deal of parallelism and ellipsis, the analogy are also used quite often.For example:Nay, there is no stand or impediment in the wit,bu
28、t may be wrought out by fit studies; like as diseases of the body, may have appropriate exercises.In this example, he made an analogy with the solutions of diseases of the body and the disadvantages in mind.It contains the profound truth in the simple and commonsense examples, and this can help to reduce the difficulty of understanding and avoid being too dull.,Background reading,
