《世界贸易组织法ppt课件.ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《世界贸易组织法ppt课件.ppt（22页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Chapter 7Agreement on Safeguards保障措施协议,7.1 Introduction 引言保障措施是指，WTO成员方在进口激增并对国内相关产业造成严重损害或严重损害威胁时，采取的限制进口措施。 WTO规则允许进口国政府在特定产品进口大量增加造成国内相关产业损害或损害威胁时所采取的限制进口的紧急措施 GATT/WTO在促进贸易自由化的同时，也承认贸易自由化也会使承担义务的成员方面临困难，如，无法适应新的竞争环境，为保证受影响的产业获得适应竞争的时间，规定了相应的保障措施,7.2 Background to the Agreement on Safeguards (SG
2、Agreement) 保障措施协议产生的背景,Safeguard measures available under GATT 1947, Article XIX; were infrequently used, and some governments preferred to protect their industries through “grey area” measures (bilateral voluntary export restraints, orderly marketing agreements, and similar measures ). SG Agreement
3、 reached in Uruguay Round. Relations between GATT XIX and ASG: Apply together,7.3 Definiton of Safegurad Measures 保障措施的定义,If, as a result of unforeseen developments and of the effect of the obligations incurred by a contracting party under this Agreement, including tariff concessions, any product is
4、 being imported into the territory of that contracting party in such increased quantities and under such conditions as to cause or threaten serious injury to domestic producers in that territory of like or directly competitive products, the contracting party shall be free, in respect of such product
5、, and to the extent and for such time as may be necessary to prevent or remedy such injury, to suspend the obligation in whole or in part or to withdraw or modify the concessions. (GATT XIX： Emergency Action on Imports of Particular Products ),如因不能预见的发展和一缔约方在本协定项下负担包括关税减让在内义务的影响，进口至该缔约方领土的产品数量增加如此之大
6、且情况如此严重，以至对该领土内同类产品或直接竞争产品的国内生产者造成严重损害或严重损害威胁，则该缔约方可以在防止或补救此种损害所必须的限度和时间内，对该产品全部或部分中止义务或撤销或修改减让。 Safeguard measures are defined as “emergency” actions with respect to increased imports of particular products, where such imports have caused or threaten to cause serious injury to the importing Members
7、 domestic industry. Such measures, which in broad terms take the form of suspension of concessions or obligations, can consist of quantitative import restrictions or of duty increases to higher than bound rates. 保障措施形式：可以包括对进口货物实施数量限制，提高关税等形式,7.4 Conditions to Apply Safeguards,Article XIX, para. 1(a
8、) of the GATT and Article 2 of Agreement on Safeguards as a result of unforeseen developments and of the effect of the obligations incurred by a contracting party under this Agreement 不能预见的发展和一缔约方在本协定项下负担义务的影响in such increased quantities 进口数量激增to cause or threaten serious injury to domestic producer
9、s in that territory of like or directly competitive products 对该领土内同类产品或直接竞争产品的国内生产者造成严重损害或严重损害威胁,In Such Increased Quantities（进口数量激增）,Article 2.1: “increased quantities, absolute or relative to domestic production” Absolute increase 2005: 30 thousands in imports 2006: 40 thousands in importsRelative
10、 increaseEeven no increase in absolute terms however imports had “increased relative to domestic production” 2005 2006 Import 10 thousands Import 10 thousands Domestic 30 thousands Domestic 20 thousands,Unforseen Development (不可遇见的发展）,Not defined in GATT 1994 or SA AgreementIn Hatters Fur Case（皮帽案）,
11、 Panel: “development.which it would not be reasonable to expect that negotiators.could and should have foreseen” 在1950年捷克诉美国的“皮帽案”对“不可预见的发展”作出解释：“是指在关税减让谈判后出现的情况发展，并且要求作出关税减让的国家的谈判代表在谈判时无法合理预见到这种情况的发展。,Serious Injury,a significant overall impairment (总体上重大损害）in the position of a domestic industry Th
12、reat of Serious Injuryclearly imminentbased on facts and not merely on allegation, conjecture or remote Possibility,Domestic Industry,the producers as a whole of the like or directly competitive products , or whose collective output of the like or directly competitive products constitutes a major pr
13、oportion of the total domestic production of those products 在一成员方境内生产同类产品或直接竞争产品的全体国内生产商，或者其产量之和占该成员方这种同类或直接竞争产品生产总量主要部分的生产商,Factors to be evaluated in the investigation to determine whether increased imports have caused or are threatening to cause serious injury to a domestic industry （主管机构应评估的因素）:
14、 The competent authorities shall evaluate all relevant factors of an objective and quantifiable nature having a bearing on the situation of the industry, in particular, the rate and amount of the increase in imports of the product in absolute and relative terms, the share of the domestic market take
15、n by increased imports, changes in the level of sales, production, productivity, capacity utilization, profits and losses, and employment of the domestic industry.,主管机构应评估影响有关产业状况的客观和可量化的所有相关因素，特别是有关产品进口量的绝对或相对增加的比例和数量、增加的进口产品在国内市场的占有份额以及国内产业的销售水平、总产量、生产能力、设备利用率、利润与亏损、就业等方面的变化。,Causal Link 因果关系,Arti
16、cle 4.2 (b); Establishes a twofold requirement between “increased imports” and “serious injury”:1.Demonstration that the increased imports caused serious injury or threat of serious injury:2. “Non-attribution”: Injury caused by factors other than increased imports must not be attributed to the incre
17、ased imports.,7.5 Domestic Procedures for invoking safeguards,Investigation,Findings,Consultation,Notify the Committee on Safeguards: 1.Initiating an investigatory process and the reasons for it;2.Making a finding of serious injury or threat thereof caused by increased imports3.Taking a decision to
18、apply or extend a safeguard measure.,Obligation of Notification,Preliminary determination,Further Investigation,Final determination,Provisional Measures （临时措施）Based on preliminary confirmative determinationDuration: not exceed 200 daysForm: tariff increase Definitive measures （最终措施）Form: tariff incr
19、ease(提高关税）, quantities restrictions （数量限制）and tariff-quota（关税配额）Duration Only for a period of time as may be necessary to prevent or remedy serious injury and to facilitate adjustment. Not to exceed 4 years initially, and may be extended to the maximum of 8 years (including the period of provisional
20、 measure).Levels of Quantitative Restrictions Must, in principle, not fall below the average of imports in the last three representative years (Art 5).,Restrictions on repeated application of safeguards 对同一进口产品再次实施保障措施的限制 There should be an interval between two safeguard measures on the same product
21、. the interval = the duration in which the prior measure had been applied; but the interval should be at least 2 years 一般情况下，两次保障措施之间应有一段不适用的间隔期，间隔期应不短于第一次保障措施的实施期限，至少为2年。,Exception: A safeguard measure with a duration of 180 days or less can be applied again to the import of a product, if: 1. at le
22、ast one year has passed since the date of introduction of a safeguard measure on the import of that product; and 2. such a safeguard measure has not been applied on the same product more than twice in the five-year period immediately preceding the date of introduction of the measure; and 间隔期为180天或少于
23、180天的保障措施可以再次对同一产品适用，间隔期短于2年，但需满足以下两个条件： 1. 自对该产品的进口采用保障措施之日起至少已经过了1年。 2. 自采用该保障措施之日前的5年内，未对同种产品采取两次以上的保障措施；,Compensation and Retaliation 补偿与报复 Article 8.1: To maintain a substantially equivalent level of concessions and other obligations to that existing under GATT 1994 between the member proposing
24、 a safeguard measure and the exporting member : To negotiate trade compensation with affected members;If no agreement within 30 days，affected member shall be free，not later than 90 days after the measure is applied，to suspend，upon the expiration of 30 days from the day on which written notice of suc
25、n suspension is received by the Council for Trade in Goods, substantially equivalent concessions if the Council for Trade in Goods does not disprove. Article 8.3: No suspension allowed during first 3 years if: Measure is based on absolute increase in imports;Measure conforms to the provision.,7.6 Pr
26、ohibition of grey-area measures 禁止灰色区域措施,Agreement on Safeguards requires all members to submit a timetable for eliminating grey-area measures not later than 180 days after the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, and provides for 4 year deadline for eliminating grey-area measures,7.6 Spec
27、ial and Differential Treatment for Developing Members,Measures shall not apply to developing countries with imports That do not exceed 3 per cent of total imports individually Unless developing countries under 3 per cent together account for more than 9 per cent of total imports Special treatment in
28、 application of a safeguard measure A maximum of 10- year period of the application of a safeguard measure; For repeated application, half the total period of the application of the prior safeguard measure, but the period of non-application is at least 2 years.,7.8 保障措施与反倾销、反补贴的区别： 反倾销和反补贴是针对不公平贸易的行为；保障措施是针对的是公平贸易条件下的进口产品； 反倾销和反补贴要求对国内产业造成实质性（material）损害；保障措施要求对国内产业造成严重（serious）损害； 反倾销和反补贴措施针对进口的倾销货物（受补贴货物）实施；保障措施一般针对所有进口产品实施； 实施反倾销和反补贴措施不需要给与补偿；实施保障措施需要提供补偿,The End,
