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1、Cargo Transportation,Chapter Five,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,2,LEARNING OUTCOMES,Understand the importance of ocean transportation and how liner freight is obtained Know other modes of transportation in terms of their features,suitability and freight calculation Be aware of the important of ocean bill of l
2、ading and its different typesDescribe a range of other:transportation documents stipulate delivery clause in a sales contract,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,3,Modes of transportation,Ocean Transportation Air TransportationRail TransportationRoad TransportationContainer TransportationInternational Multimode Tra
3、nsportation(IMT)/International Combined Transportation(ICT)Parcel Post TransportationInland Waterway TransportationPipeline Transportation,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,4,5.1 Ocean Transportation,AdvantagesLarge capacityLow costEasy passage:not restricted by road or railsDisadvantagesSlowVulnerable to bad wea
4、ther Less punctual Types of ocean transportationLiner transportationCharter transportation98%of world trade in volume terms conveyed by sea transport,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,5,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Characteristics of Linerregular scheduled departuresspecified routeroutes with fixed base ports compa
5、ratively fixed freight rates,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,6,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Types of linersConference linersFreight rate quoted by shipping conferenceStable freight ratesRegular servicesNon-conference linersFreight rate quoted by independent carriers or vessel operators Less dependable serviceHigh
6、 flexibility,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,7,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Liner Freight Inclusive of the loading and unloading cost Inclusive of other costs such as demurrage or dispatch moneyComposition of liner freightBasic freightSurcharges and additionalsCalculation formula of liner freightTotal Freight=Tot
7、al Quantity x Basic Rate x(1+Surcharge/Additional Rates),2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,8,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Criteria for calculating basic freightW(weight ton)calculated per metric ton on weight,suitable for heavy goods M(measurement ton)calculated per cubic meter on measurement,suitable for light goo
8、ds W/M on the basis of either weight ton or measurement ton(both under the name of freight ton),subject to the higher one,suitable for goods with high value(Note:1WT=1MT)Ad Val.(A.V.)on the basis of value of the goods and expressed in a percentage of the FOB price or value,suitable for goods with hi
9、gh valueW/M or A.V.on the basis of either weight ton,measurement ton or value,subject to the highest oneUnit/Head suitable for goods marked“unit”in the tariffMinimum Rate suitable for goods in extremely small quantityOpen Rate suitable for goods marked“unit”in the tariff and in extremely large quant
10、ity,on the basis of the agreement between the carrier and the consignor,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,9,5.1.1 Liner transportation,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,10,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Surcharge 附加费 beyond our controlBunker Surcharge(bunker adjustment factor/BAF)燃油附加费(15%of the cost)Currency Surcharge(currency ad
11、justment factor/CAF)货币贬值附加费Congestion Surcharge 港口拥挤附加费Transshipment Surcharge 转船附加费Deviation Surcharge 绕道附加费Port Surcharge 港口附加费,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,11,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Additionals 附属费 under our controlHeavy lift charges/Extra charges on heavy lifts 超重费(over 5 M/T)Lengthy cargo charges/Ex
12、tra charges on over lengths 超长费(over 9m)Bulky cargo charges 超大费(over 6cbm)Additional on direct 直行附属费Not at basic port,volume over 1000 M/TAdditional on optional discharging port 选卸港附属费Additional for alternation of destination 变更卸港附属费,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,12,Illustration 1,SupposeExporting 100 cases V
13、olume 30 x60 x50cmGross weight 40kg,grade 9Freight basis W/MBasic freight rate HKD109Bunker surcharge 20%,Currency Surcharge 10%Q:freight?Solution30 x60 x50cm=0.09m30.04 M/TFreight=0.09 x 109 x 100 x(1+20%+10%)=HKD1275.3,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,13,5.1.1 Liner transportation,Tramps 不定期船/charter vesselCha
14、racteristicsNo fixed routes No fixed timetables Freight charged on the volume of cargoSuitable for cargo of a complete shipload(eg.bulk cargo)Types of chartersVoyage charterTime charter Bare boat charter,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,14,5.2 Air Transportation,Four main types of air transportationScheduled Air
15、lines 班机regular scheduled departuresspecified routeroutes with fixed base ports comparatively fixed freight ratesChartered Carriers 包机The hire of a craft by either total chartered carriers orPartial chartered carriersFor consignments of large quantity or reaching the same destination,2023/1/5,Zhou R
16、uiqi,15,5.2 Air Transportation,Four main types of air transportationConsolidated Consignment 集中托运Assembling a number of individual shipments arriving at the same destination into one consignmentDispatched one air waybillAir Express 航空急件运输Fastest and safest serviceHigher freight rate Desk to desk ser
17、vice,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,16,5.2 Air Transportation,Air freight W:by weight(kg)M:by measurement(cm3)W/M:by the higher of the two(Note:6000cm3=1kg)Calculation formula:same as the one for liner freight calculation,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,17,Illustration 2,QuestionConsignor A gets one consignment of 10 cart
18、ons of leather shoes to transport by air.The measurement of each carton is 50 x50 x50cm,while gross weight of each is 15kg.How much should the consignor pay to the carrier if the air freight rate is USD1.3/kg?Solution50 x50 x50cm=125000cm36000cm3=1kg 125000cm3=20.83kg20.83kg15kgFreight=USD1.3x20.83x
19、10=USD270.79,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,18,5.3 Transportation Documents,Bill of Lading,B/L 海运提单Consignment Note(for Rail and Road)铁路、公路提单Air Waybill 航空运单Parcel Post Receipt 邮包收据,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,19,5.3.1 Bill of Lading,Features Receipt of the goodsEvidence of the contract of carriage by the shipping com
20、pany to carry the goodsA document of title to the goodsContents(See Specimen 5.1-5.2)On the face:information about contracted parties,full particulars of the cargo,terms of carriage contract,etcOn the back:general terms and conditions of the contract of carriage.,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,20,Types of bill
21、 of lading,Shipped B/L and Received for Shipment B/LShipped(on board)B/L 装运提单Issued by the shipping companyAfter goods shipped on board the designated vesselIndicating date of shipment and name of the vessel For consignee to receive the cargo at the destination“Shipped Bill”preprinted or“goods shipp
22、ed on board vessel”written and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,21,Types of bill of lading,Received(for shipment)B/L备运提单Goods being received but not yet loaded Confirmation of goods handed over to ship ownerAbsence of date of shipment and name of the vesseld
23、ifficult to anticipate date of arrival,hence not favorable by buyerWays of becoming Shipped B/LExchange for a Shipped B/L after goods shipped on board the vesselWording such as“Goods shipped on board S/S Red Star on May 10,2008”added and signed by the carrier or the agent on the received B/L,2023/1/
24、5,Zhou Ruiqi,22,Types of bill of lading,Clean B/L and Unclean B/LClean B/L 清洁提单Referring to one which does not declare a defective condition of the exterior packing of goodsProof that goods have been“shipped in apparent good order and condition”or“clean on board”or the likeFavored by buyers and bank
25、s for financial settlementUnclean/dirty/foul B/L 不洁/瑕疵提单Marked as“unclean”,“foul”etc.eg.2 cases missing,3 cartons wet,1 case broken,cases inadequately packedUsually unacceptable to buyers and banks,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,23,Types of bill of lading,Straight B/L,Order B/L and Bearer B/LStraight B/L 记名提单M
26、ade out to a designated consigneeOnly the named consignee is entitled to the cargoNot transferable Bearer B/L(Open or Blank B/L)不记名提单No name of a definite consigneeThe consignee box left blank or open,or bearing the wording“To bearer”(至持有人)Can be transferred without endorsementHigh risk unfavorable
27、in international trade,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,24,Types of bill of lading,Order B/L 指示提单Made out to the order of a named personNo definite consignee,“To order”“To order of the shipper”or“To order of the consignee”insteadNegotiable and transferable，but need endorsement Special endorsement:signature of th
28、e endorser and name of the endorsee Blank endorsement:signature of the endorser but no name of the endorsee“To order”with blank endorsement indicating further transfer of the B/LWidely used in international trade,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,25,Types of bill of lading,Direct B/L and Transshipment B/LDirect B
29、/L 直运提单 port of shipment port of destinationPreferred by the buyerTransshipment B/L转船提单port of shipment intermediate port port of destinationInvolving additional charges,longer time and higher risks in transit,therefore unfavorable to the buyerAcceptable only when there is no direct service,2023/1/5
30、,Zhou Ruiqi,26,Types of bill of lading,Original B/L and Copy B/LOriginal B/LValid only after being singed by the shipping company or its agentShowing“Original”and the number of the signed originals Normally made out in a set of three originalsAn evidence showing the ownership of goodsPresented for t
31、aking the delivery of the goods at destination,one is used,the others becomes void automaticallyCopy B/LBearing“Copy”“Duplicate”or“Non-negotiable”Normally only used for reference or for recordsNote:B/L is not independent of each other.A received for shipment bill may also be a straight and clean bil
32、l.eg.Clean shipped direct bill of lading made out to order with a blank endorsement(most common in practice),2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,27,5.4 Shipment Clause in the sales contract,Content of the shipment clauseTime of delivery or time of shipmentport(place)and port(place)of destination Partial shipments a
33、nd transshipmentLay days,demurrage and dispatchStipulation Agreed upon by both the seller and buyerShould be clear and specific,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,28,5.4.1 Time of Shipment vs.time of delivery,Under shipment contracts(F&C Group)Symbolic delivery:Time of shipment=time of deliveryThe time limit for l
34、oading the goods on board vessel or in the hand of the carrier at the port or place of shipmentUnder arrival contracts(D Group)Actual delivery:Time of shipment time of deliveryTime of shipment the time for loading the goods on board vessel or other transportation means at the port of shipmentTime of
35、 delivery the time during which the seller passes the contracted goods to the buyer at the port of destination or at the agreed place.,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,29,5.4.1 Time of Shipment vs.time of delivery,How to define time of shipmentThe deadline by which the seller makes shipment of the contracted goo
36、dsTwo ways of setting the time of shipmentBy clearly specifying a period of time or a deadlineShipment during/in/within July,2008Shipment on/before/not later than July 31st,2008By setting a time period upon receipt of payment Shipment to be made 15 days after the seller receives the L/C and the rele
37、vant L/C should reach the seller not later than 30th June,2008,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,30,5.4.1 Time of Shipment vs.time of delivery,Issues to be concerned Sufficiency in terms of availability of goodsavailability of shipping space Payment eg.enough time for expediting,examining and modifying L/C Normal
38、ly L/C should arrive at least 15 days before the time of shipmentFlexibility:avoid“shipment on May 15th”Clarityavoid wording like“Immediate shipment”,“Prompt shipment”,“Shipment as soon as possible”etc.,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,31,5.4.2 Port of Shipment&Destination,How to definePort of shipment the port
39、where goods are shipped and departUsually decided by sellerPort of destination the port at which goods are dischargedUsually decided by buyer,confirmed by sellerWays of stipulationOne port:eg.Port of shipment:New York,USATwo ports or more eg.Port of destination:London/LiverpoolOptional ports(for por
40、t of destination only and in case when the buyer cannot decide the port of destination at the time of contracting)eg.Port of destination:Liverpool,optional Hamburg/London,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,32,5.4.2 Port of Shipment&Destination,Issues to be concernedShipment port close to the origin of the goodsTak
41、ing into consideration port facilities,regulations,specific transportation conditions,charges and possible sanctionsWording to be specific:avoiding“China port”,“European main port”etc.Considering possibility of same name for different ports(Victoria,Portland,Birmingham,etc.):eg.Victoria,UK.,2023/1/5
42、,Zhou Ruiqi,33,5.4.3.Partial Shipment&Transshipment,Partial shipmentgoods under one contract be shipped in more than one lotReasons:lack of means of conveyance or shipping space availabilityLimitation of loading and unloading facilities Restriction of market capacity or production abilityAccording t
43、o UCP600,Article 31“Transport documents,which appear on their face to indicate that shipment has been made on the same means of conveyance and for the same journey,provided they indicate the same destination,will not be regarded as covering partial shipments,even if the transport documents indicate
44、different dates of shipment and/or different ports of loading,places of taking in charge,or dispatch.”,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,34,4.Transshipment&Partial Shipment,TransshipmentUnloading and reloading from one vessel to another in transit from the port of loading to the port of discharge stipulatedReason
45、s:direct sailing between the port of shipment and destination is few and far between no suitable ships available at that particular period,2023/1/5,Zhou Ruiqi,35,4.Transshipment&Partial Shipment,Issues to be concerned Whether to indicate them in sales contract?According to some contractual laws,if t
46、he contract doesnt allow partial shipment or transshipment,the seller has no right to do so,which is contradictory to that in UCP600 To avoid disputes-“Partial shipment/transshipment allowed”be stipulated in contractWording of such clause in the sales contract Shipment during Oct./Nov./Dec.,with partial shipments and transshipment allowed.Shipment during Jan./Feb.,1995 in two lotsShipment during Jan./Feb./Mar.,in three monthly lotsShipment during Jan./Feb./Mar.,in three equal monthly lots,
