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1、第一讲1. contract system tested in all railway operationsThe contract system will be practiced in all operations of the Ministry of Railways-transport, capital construction and technological upgrading, ministry officials told Xinhua recently.The Guangzhou Railway Administration has been chosen to exper
2、iment with ways of implementing with ways of implementing the system throughout, the officials said.The contract system is necessary because since April 1986, the State has ceased to allocate funds to the ministry. Instead, it collects taxes from the ministry, which can use its own profits to develo
3、p its own operations, the officials said.“That means we have to depend exclusively on ourselves and thats why we use the contract system to stimulate workers initiative for higher turnovers.” One official said.Although the contract system was practiced last year only in its transport sector, the min
4、istry was able to handle 3.7 per cent more cargo than in 1985.In the first half of this year, the total volume of cargo and passenger transport was up 2.4 and 6.5 per cent over the same 1985 period, respectively, the officials reported.Meanwhile, a feeder railway funded by famers in a village in Zha
5、njiang, Guangdong Province, is expected to open to traffic in October, according to the overseas edition of Peoples Daily.Farmers in Xinhua village raised 2 million yuan(about $540,000) to build a 600-metre feeder railway line to speed up transport between urban and rural areas. (Xinhua)Words and Ex
6、pressionsContract /kntrkt/ n. 承包；契约，合同Contract system 承包制，大包干Administration /dministre n/ n.局；管理，经营Experiment /ikspr m nt/ n.&v.i.试验Towith 试验Toupon用 作实验Implement /impl m nt/ v.t.实现，落实Thoughout prep.在整个期间；全，到处 adv.彻底地，全部地Cease /sis/ v.t.停止Allocate /l ket/ v.t.分配，拨给Fund /fnd/ n.经费，资金Tax /tks/ n.税；税款Pr
7、ofit /prfit/ n.利润，赢利；利益Exclusively /iksklusivli/ adv.仅仅，只有；独占地Stimulate /stimj let/ v.t.激励，刺激Initiative /ini tiv/ n.首创精神，主动性，积极性Turnover / /tnov/ n.营业额，产值Sector /skt, -tr/ n.扇形；地段，区域；方面Feeder /fid/ n.铁路支线；加料漏斗 2. East railways to be upgradedRailway lines in East China will be improved with an invest
8、ment of 7 billion yuan (about $1.89 billion), the overseas edition of Peoples Daily reported on Thursday.The project involves 1.660 kilometers of railways, with 470 kilometers of new lines to be built, 510 kilometers to be electrified and 680 kilometers double-tracked.According to Zhou Congqing, the
9、 official in charge of the project, more than 3,300hectares of land will be requisitioned and many dwellings relocated.Technicians are working on an engineering plan, and the whole project is expected to be completed in1990. Words and ExpressionsUpgrade /pred/ v.t.加强；使升级，改良In charge of 负责；主管Hectare
10、/hktr/ n.公顷Requisition /rkwizi n/ n.征用Dwelling /dwli/ n.住房Relocate /riloket/ v.t.搬迁 3. Rail capacity doublesEach kilometers of railway in China carried 596.9 billion tons of freight in the first six months of this year on average, double that in1978.Officials of the Railways Ministry said that the p
11、resent structure can hardly meet the needs of the developing economy.The ministry is now concentrating on expanding the handling capacity of the existing railroads, while constructing or upgrading new lines.Among the 38 marshalling yards in China,28 have increased the number of trains they send out
12、every day by 10 to 30 per cent. The yards sent out 38,000 trains every day last year, 15 per cent more than in the previous year.Since April, the number of passenger and freight trains has increased by 22 per cent and 20 per cent, respectively, compared to 1978. Now passenger trains are capable of t
13、ransporting three million people a day.The project to add a double-track along the line between Hengyang in Hunan Province and Guangzhou is nearly complete. And the project of expanding the railway network in eastern China is going on smoothly. (Xinhua)Words and ExpressionsFreight /fret/ n.货物Average
14、 /v ri, vri/ v n.平均，均值On average 按均值计算，平均Marshalling/m: li/ 排列，整理，编组Marshalling yard 编组场To sendout 发出，寄出，放出Improving railway operationsNew trendsBy Dr. techn., Prof. E.A. SOTNIKOV,All-Union Railway Scientific Research Institute, Ministry of Railways of the USSRSUMMARYThe Soviet Railways handle 52 pe
15、r cent of the worlds railway freight turn-over although they account only of about 11 per cent of their total mileage. This determines an extremely high traffic density of the lines exceeding 6 to 10 times and even more, similar values of the railways of technically advanced countries.In order to me
16、et the requirements for handling constantly growing volumes of traffic, apart from improving railway equipment, reinforcing the tracks and raising the rolling stock carrying capacities, the operational procedure has to perfected as well, it has to attaining this overall goal is the intensification o
17、f the utilization of the existing technical means. In this report new trends improving railway operations are discussed.第二讲1、Train SchedulingThe train schedule is the basis for managing train traffic. It integrates the activities of all railway services. Observing exactly the technological procedure
18、s laid down for yards and stations, for locomotive and wagon shops, for track, signaling and communication facilities as well as for other railway bodies is a vital necessity for trains being operated strictly to the schedule.In order to keep the dispatchers staff informed on the train situation dat
19、a provided through the automatic traffic control systems of the various railway regions is used. Data on the availability of trains and locomotives at each of the stations and at the classification yards of the given route is submitted; to the dispatchers staff of the upper control echelon in 3 hour
20、s intervals, to the dispatchers staff of the railway region headquarters and of the various sections on a continuous basis as the status at the stations and yards changes. This data is also taken into consideration at the railway region border stations where the wagons are being transferred from one
21、 railway region to the other. When necessary, the data is used at other stations as well.This makes it possible to monitor train traffic all along the route, to make timely calculations with regard to assigning locomotives to trains to reduce to the minimum delays of trains waiting for motive power
22、and to raise the level of running trains strictly to the schedule.The improvement of train operations requires further development of the dispatcher control system through further automating and centralizing the management of train traffic. With regard to improving train operation the following majo
23、r principles have to be observed.1. The activity of the train dispatchers which is at the moment primarily concentrated at keeping records of the train operations with a certain delay with regard to the actual situation should pass over to a strategy of advanced management using train operation fore
24、cast and of applying optimized algorithms for wording out operational plans covering foreseeable periods of future activities.2. A continuous automated monitoring of possible handicaps has to be introduced. This will enable the train dispatchers staff by using the man-machine dialog mode of operatio
25、n to consider within several minutes a number of managerial alternatives to choose the most effectives of them to prevent minor handicaps form developing into major traffic problems.3. The supply of information to the dispatchers staff has to be automated using specific facilities developed for the
26、purpose, as well as data provided by the existing automated operations management system. Presently the train dispatchers spend 30 to 40% of their working time to acquire this information. This will also make it possible to automate accounting activity of train operations.4. Based on using automated
27、 information systems and on introducing up-to-date control equipment the routes covered by the dispatchers at the sectional, regional and ministerial levels should be extended, and traffic control over long routes should be integrated.5. Centralizing train dispatching control, setting up of big disp
28、atching centers equipped with modern means of communication, computers and with automated consoles for the dispatchers is of major importance. Such a control console, for a sectional train dispatcher, for instance, should consist of: a multi-sectional panel with a colored presentation of the section
29、 track lay-out or with the presentation of the entire route indicating train numbers as well as other data supplied by the computer; a graphical display to keep the planned schedule; an alphabetical display for the train dispatcher to keep a dialog with the computer; a printer for an automated recor
30、d keeping of the operation; of a graph-plotting display for drawing a graph of the actual train operation.The introduction of new methods aimed at running the trains strictly to the schedule will result in an overall improvement of train operations. Words and ExpressionsSummary /sm ri/ n.摘要Freight t
31、urn-over 货物周转量To account of （数量上）占Mileage /maili/ n.里程Traffic density 运输密度Reinforce /riinfrs, -fors/ v.t.加强Rolling stock 机车车辆（有时专指车辆）Rationalize /r n laiz/ a v.t.使合理化Utilization /jutilaize n/ n.利用Means /mi:nz/ n.方法，手段；工具，设备Train scheduling 铺画列车运行图Integrate /intiret/ v.t.把连接成一个整体Railway service 铁路业务；
32、铁路部门Observe / bzv/ v.t.观察，遵守To lay down 放下，使躺下，铺设，规定，制定Vital /vaitl/ adj.非常的，至关紧要的Dispatcher /dispt/ n.列车调度员To keep informed on 随时向报告To submit to 向提出；把提请批准Echelon / ln/ 梯队，级别Dispatches staff ofUpper control echelon 上级调度人员Border station 分界站To keep a record of 把记载下来Algorithm /l ri m/ n.算法Handicap /hnd
33、ikp/ n.不利条件，障碍，困难Man-machine dialog modle 人机对话方式Accounting activcity 统计工作Up-to-date adj.现代化的，最新式的Console /k nsol/ n.控制台Multi-sectional panel 多个区间的显示盘Presentation/prz nte n,priz n-/ n.显示的图像第三讲 2.Increasing the weights and speeds of trainsIncreasing the weights and speeds of trains is a major factor i
34、n handling the constantly growing volume of traffic .A variety of ways and means are used to raise the tonnage and the length of trains.First of all the length of the exisiting tracks must be used to the full. With this in mind comprehensive measures of the undertaken at present to raise the static
35、weights of the wagons by increasing the net weight of the commodity being forwarded .The permissive axle load of the wagons has been raised, a good share of bulky goods are forwarded indisassembledstatus, themostrationalway are use to accommodate the good in the wagons ,the outer dimensions set for
36、the rolling stock at a given region are applied since at use some extra space for loading cargo ,etc. Making proper use some each and every meterof the tracks is of substantial importance too. Applying computer techniques in handling traffic made it possible to take into account the length of each i
37、ndividual wagon rather than of the types of wagons which was common practice before. As a result one or two wagons were added to every train. Likewise the length of each individualstation and/or yard track is taken into consideration: that made it possible to make up trains that are longer than thes
38、etstandard.In case when the weight and the length of trains are limited by the traction capacities of locomotives, alternative standards are being introduced with regard to the weights of trains. To handle trains with weights exceeding the standard double locomotive traction, or pusher locomotives a
39、re used on part of the route. Often the length of the train is limited by the length of station tracks rather than by limited tractive capacities ofthelocomotives.On a number of railways trains are run which are 20 to 25% longer than the station tracks can accomodate. Also superlong trains are run o
40、n special schedules that have been worked out in such a way that they do not interfere with the presentlyofthe other trains .15 to 20% of the trains presently operated on the main lines exceed the standard length .On high traffic density lines station and/or yard tracks are being extended to provide
41、 for the operation oflong trains. As additional extended station tracks are put into operation the number of long trains run on special schedules is increased respectively.The handling of jointed trains, that is doubled-up and trippled-up trains up to 16000 tons heavy ,is of special importance .Some
42、 of those trains even exceed that weight .On April 18,1984,to quote one example , a 30220 ton train 4668 meters long was run over a distance of 1130 km from the Ekibastus station to the Tobol station .By raising the tonnage and the length of trains the throughput capacity of lines is enhanced substantially .It a
