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1、Welcome To:,语言学概论,Course Introduction,1.Course Book,戴炜栋，何兆熊，2002，新编简明英语语言教程上海：上海外语教育出版社。,Course Introduction,2.Reference Books,胡壮麟，等 2001,语言学教程(第二版)北京：北京大学出版社,胡壮麟，等 2007,语言学教程(第三版)北京：北京大学出版社,2.Reference Books,Course Introduction,刘润清，文旭，2006,新编语言学教程 北京：外语教学与研究出版社,G.Yule on，2000,语言研究北京：外语教学与研究出版社,3.Ge
2、neral description1.Difficult2.Uninteresting3.Important,Course Introduction,4.AssessmentFormative assessment 30%1.Attendance 2.Classroom Performance 3.Homework B.Final Assessment 70%,Course Introduction,Chapter 1,Introduction,1.1 What Is Linguistics?,1.1.1Definition of linguistics,Linguistics is the
3、scientific study of language or the science of languageObject:language in generalMethod:systematic investigation,What is the Significance of Linguistics?,思考：1.一个人如果没有有关某一语言的语言学知识，她/他能够流利地讲这一语言吗？答：可以。2.刘翔是因为具有了跨栏和跑步的运动力学知识，所以才成为奥运冠军的吗？答：应该不是。,1.1 What Is Linguistics?,1.语言是人的一部分。研究语言，人门不得不把焦点瞄准自己，到自己的
4、大脑中去寻找答案。研究与人形影不离的语言，能帮助人类进一步认识自己。（熊学亮 2003：1）,What is the Significance of Linguistics?,1.1 What Is Linguistics?,2.语言既是社会现象，是人们相互联系的纽带，但它本身的发生、传递和接受的机制又属于自然现象。语言的这种特殊的性质决定了语言学在科学体系中的特殊地位，即它既是社会科学，又与自然科学有密切的联系，可以说，语言学是介于社会科学和自然科学之间的一门特殊的学科。正由于此，语言学善于从自然科学的发展中吸取相关的理论和方法，推动语言学的发展，而其他人文社会科学又从语言学中吸取相关的理论
5、和方法。语言学是联系社会科学和自然科学的纽带和桥梁。语言学的理论和方法在人文社会科学中处于领先的地位。（徐通锵 2001：6-7）,What is the Significance of Linguistics?,1.1 What Is Linguistics?,3.每一语言都包含着一种独特的世界观，个人更多地通过语言形成世界观（洪堡特 1936：70-72）。也就是说，每一具体语言都是源出于人，反过来又作用于人，制约着人的思维和行动（姚小平 1999：48）。语言 思维 现实/科学现代科学的世界观是根据西方印欧语言的基本语法特征概括而成的。（沃尔夫 1940：221）,What is the
6、 Significance of Linguistics?,1.1 What Is Linguistics?,4.语言学理论对语言学习和语言教学具有方法论上的指导意义。,What is the Significance of Linguistics?,1.1 What Is Linguistics?,the scope of Linguistics,思考：语言可以分为哪些层次？,1.1 What Is Linguistics?,The Core of Linguistics,1.Sound phonetics2.Sounds phonology3.Word morphology4.Words/
7、sentence syntax5.Meaning semantics6.Meaning in a context pragmatics,1.1 What Is Linguistics?,Some important distinctions in linguistics,1.2 Important distinctions in linguistics,1.Prescriptive vs.descriptive“描写式”和“规定式”,1.If a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually
8、 use,it is said to be descriptive.2.If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for correct and standard behavior in using language,i.e.to tell people what they should say and what they should not say,it sis said to be prescriptive.,1.2 Important distinctions in linguistics,2.Synchronic vs.diachr
9、onic“共时”和“历时”,1.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.2.The description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.,1.2 Important distinctions in linguistics,Page 20,3.langue&parole“语言”和“言语”The distinction was made by the Swiss lingu
10、ist Saussure in the early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community,and parole refers to the realization of language in actual use.What linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole,i.e.to discover the regularities governing the
11、actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.A Sociological View,1.2 Important distinctions in linguistics,Page 21,4.Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N.Chomsky in the late 1950s.Competence-the ideal users knowledge
12、 of the rules of his language.Performance-the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.A Psychological View,1.2 Important distinctions in linguistics,5.Speech vs.writing 语言/口语和文字,Speech is regarded as the primary medium of human language for the following reasons:A.historyB.f
13、unctionC.acquisition order 如果说语言符号是人类走出动物界的里程碑，那么文字的产生，则是人类由野蛮社会进入文明社会的一个重要标志。（陈宗明 2004：109）,1.2 Important distinctions in linguistics,1.3.Definition of Language,Question:Whats language?,Webster s New World Dictionary(Pp.759),(a)human speech;(b)the ability to communicate by this means;(c)a system of
14、 vocal sounds and combinations of such sounds to which meaning is attributed,used for the expression or communication of thoughts and feelings;(d)the written representation of such a system;,1.3.Definition of Language,Webster s New World Dictionary(Pp.759),(e)any means of expressing or communicating
15、,as gestures,signs,or animal sounds;(f)a special set of symbols;letters,numerals,rules etc.used for the transmission of information,as in a computer;.,1.3.Definition of Language,A Generally Accepted Definition,Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.,1.3.Definiti
16、on of Language,Understanding the Definition,QS:1.Why a system?2.Why arbitrary?3.Why vocal?4.Why symbols?5.Why human?6.Why communication?,1.3.Definition of Language,Page 28,Language is a systemelements in it are not arranged and combined randomly,but according to some rules and principles.Language is
17、 arbitrary there is no intrinsic connection between the word(e.g.pen)and the thing(e.g.what we write with).Language is vocalthe primary medium for all languages is sound.Language is used for human communication-it is human-specific,very different from systems of animal communication.,1.3.Definition
18、of Language,1.5 Design Features of Language,1.Arbitrariness（任意性）:Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds.,“house”(English),uchi(Japanese),房子(Chinese),Mansion(French),1.5 Design Features of Language,Language is arbitrary(2),The same pronuncia
19、tion may have different meanings:four for The same meaning may be represented by different sound sequences:flaw defect,1.5 Design Features of Language,Significance of Arbitrariness,The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited
20、 source of expressions.,1.5 Design Features of Language,2.Productivity（能产性）,Language is productive or creative or generative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.人可以通过使用数量有限的语法规则来对数量同样有限的词汇排列组合，生成数量无限的词组、短语和句子，即通过对数量有限的语言基本成分的排列组合来产生新的语言单位。（熊学亮 20
21、03：11）,1.5 Design Features of Language,3.Duality（双重性）,By duality is meant the property of having two levels of structures,such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.(Lyons 1982:20),1.5 Design
22、Features of Language,Hierarchy of Language:Expression of Duality,Scores of sounds,Hundreds of morphemes,Thousands of words,Astronomical number of sentences,语言的双重性表现在两个方面：1.用自身无意义的 语音构成 有意义的语言单位 2.用小单位构成大单位,1.5 Design Features of Language,Significance of Duality,Because of duality,the speaker is able
23、 to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences,most of which are never before produced or heard.（胡壮麟 2001：7-8）In other words,language is productive because of its own duality.,1.5 Design Features of Language,4.Displacement（位移性/置换性）,By displacement is meant that language
24、can be used to refer to things which are present or not present,real or imagined matters in the past,present,or future,or in far-away places.In other words,language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.,1.5 Design Features of Language,Significance of
25、Displacement,语言的置换性使语言具有元语言功能使得话语对上层建筑和意识形态具有一定的反向影响作用，即话语可以制造意识形态和创造现实。（熊学亮 2003：5）3.In a word,the intellectual benefits of displacement to us is that it makes possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms.(Fowler,1974:8),1.5 Design Features of Language,5.Cultural Transmission（文化传递性）,By cultu
26、ral transmission is meant that the details of any language system are not genetically but culturally transmitted.That is,it is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning,rather than by instinct.Therefore,it is also called learnability language.,1.5 Design Features of Lan
27、guage,Implications of Cultural Transmission,1.The importance of language exposition for the acquisition of ones mother tongue.2.The importance of conscious study for the leaning of a foreign language.,1.5 Design Features of Language,1.5 Functions of Language,Question:What do you think are the functi
28、ons of language?,Metafunctions of Language:Hallidays Model,1.Ideational:Constructs a model of experience and constructs logical relations(through transitive system)2.Interpersonal:enacts social relationships(through mood and modality)3.Textual:creates relevance to context(through coherence and cohes
29、ion)Systemic Functional Linguistics,1.5 Design Features of Language,M.A.K.Halliday（韩礼德）,(1925-),founder of systemic functional linguistics,1947-1949 studied at Beijing University,1949-1950 studied at Ling Nan University,1955 got doctors degree at Cambridge University with The Language of the Chinese
30、“Secret History of the Mongols”,1.5 Design Features of Language,Summary of the Functions of Language,1.Informative（信息功能）:Language serves an informative function when it is used to tell what the speaker believes,to give information about facts,or to reason things out.By use of Declarative Sentences,1
31、.5 Design Features of Language,2.Interrogative（询问功能）:When language is used to get information from others,it serves an interrogative functionThrough Questions that expect answers.,1.5 Design Features of Language,3.Interpersonal（人际功能）:Language serves an interpersonal function when it is used to estab
32、lish and maintain their status in a society.Five sub-categories of interpersonal function:performative,directive,emotive,expressive,and phatic.,1.5 Design Features of Language,3.1 Performative（行事功能）:the use of language to“do things”,to perform actions.Through quite formal and even ritualized languag
33、e.,1.5 Design Features of Language,3.2 Directive（指令功能）:When language is used to get the hearer do something,it serves a directive function.Most Imperative sentences.,1.5 Design Features of Language,3.3 Emotive（感情功能）:the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.Through Jokes,Advertisi
34、ng,Propaganda,etc.,1.5 Design Features of Language,3.4 Expressive（表达功能）:the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.Through Exclamations,etc.,1.5 Design Features of Language,3.5 Phatic（寒暄功能）:the use of language to establish an atmosphere or maintaining soc
35、ial contact.E.g.Greetings,Farewells,and Comments on the weather,etc.,1.5 Design Features of Language,4.Recreational（娱乐功能）:the use of language for the sheer joy of using it.E.g.babys babbling,poetry,etc.,1.5 Design Features of Language,5.Metalingual（元语言功能）:the use of language to talk about language itself.This makes language infinitely self-reflexive:We human beings can talk about talk and think about thinking,and thus only humans can ask what it means to communicate,to think,to be human.,1.5 Design Features of Language,
