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1、如何读懂长难句？,Themultiplicationtables(乘法口诀表)areanexceptiontoageneralrulesthatweforgetratherquicklythethingsthatwelearninschool,becausetheyareoneofthethingsweoverlearninthechildhood.,英语和汉语 像？不像？,请翻译：1.我爱你。I love you.2.我在心中爱你。I love you in my heart.,英语和汉语 像？不像？,请翻译：1.我是个学生。I am a student.2.我是个高二的学生。I am a
2、student in Senior two.,英语语法入门级规律,主干部分：汉语和英语基本一致英语中有若干固定句型（如强调句/it 做形式主语等句型）修饰成分：汉语多“前修”，而英语较短修饰成分放在被修饰词前面较长修饰成分放在被修饰词后面,把握英语句子，关键在于把握“较长修饰成分”,1.介词短语2.从句3.非谓语动词,英语中的三种较长修饰成分,介词短语,定义：从介词开始到名词结束，表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构结构：从介词开始到名词结束at home;in the schoolbeyond my wildest imaginationduring my happy childhoodover
3、the last few years,介词短语,例句：After chatting with Laura on this matter for two hours from 2:00 to 4:00 in the afternoon,I returned to my office.,介词短语,例句：(After chatting)(with Laura)(on this matter)(for two hours)(from 2:00)(to 4:00)(in the afternoon),I returned(to my office).,从句,定义：由引导词引导的主谓结构结构：引导词+主语
4、+谓语+宾语，引导词：that/who/whom/why/when/where/which/how/if/although,从句,【起始标识】从句一定从引导词开始（有时可省略），但有以下四种终止标识：1.到句尾终止：Li Hui is a teacher(who teaches English).2.到逗号终止：(When I was young),I listened to the radio.,从句,【起始标识】从句一定从引导词开始（有时可省略），但有以下四种终止标识：3.到下一修饰成分终止：I will invite Yao Ming(who was a top basketball p
5、layer)to Beijing.4.到下一个谓语动词终止：Yao Ming(who was a top basketball player)is studying in Shanghai.,非谓语动词,定义：非谓语动词是指动词在句子中“不是谓语”时的几种变化形式，即动词的非谓语形式，主要包括动词不定式，动名词和分词（现在分词/过去分词）由非谓语开头的、表达一个独立的完整的含义的结构叫做非谓语动词短结构：非谓语动词+名词+副词,非谓语动词,【起始标识】非谓语动词一定从动词不定式(to do)；动名词(doing)；分词(现在分词doing/过去分词done)开始，同样有四种终止标识：1.到句尾
6、终止：Li Hui is a teacher(teaching English).2.到句中的逗号终止：(To improve my English),I often chat with foreigners.,非谓语动词,【起始标识】非谓语动词一定从动词不定式(to do)；动名词(doing)；分词(现在分词doing/过去分词done)开始，同样有四种终止标识：3.到下一修饰成分终止：Jack walked in,(waving confidently)(to the audience).4.到下一谓语动词终止：The house(made of wood)was built(to sh
7、elter the refugees).,(完型)He worked harder and ran longer than any of the others perhaps he sensed that the abilities that seemed to come _ to so many others did not come naturally to him.A.strangely B.naturally C.surprisinglyD.excitely,When,he explained that he had spent all his money he accidently
8、got on a wrong bus and now was trying to go home.When,he explained that he had spent all his money _ he accidently got on a wrong bus and now was trying to go home.,The man looking at his smart-phone while walking across the railway crossing in Nanjing _(have)a close knock on Oct.2.Possibilities you
9、 never knew are waiting for you.,_ is responsible for the rapid reduction of frogs is that farmers use insectcides(杀虫剂)to kill pests and frogs get killed as a result of drinking poisoned water._ cause responsible for the rapid reduction of frogs is that farmers use insectcides to kill pests and frog
10、s get killed as a result of drinking poison water.,如何读懂英语长难句？,读懂英语长难句的关键在于：识破句子中的介短、从句、非谓语从句 v.s.非谓语This is a tiger(which is running fast)(to the forest).This is a tiger(which is chased)(by a hunter).Li Hui is a teacher(who teaches English).,teaching,例句1：Li Hui is a teacher teaching English in Beiji
11、ng which is the capital of China.,例句2：（2012年北京卷长难句）They will be able to clear away the mystery of mathmatics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined.注意：“and”是造成阅读理解句子变难的重要因素。（平行并列结构）,比较状语从句,例句3：（2012年新课标长难句）The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to a general rul
12、es that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are one of the things we overlearn in the childhood.,that,句子规律,主干成分,修饰成分,基本句型汉英语序一致,此外还有若干高级句型,汉语中，修饰成分位于中心词之前,英语中，较短修饰成分位于中心词之前，较长修饰成分位于中心词之后,主谓宾,主系表,注：汉语中系动词常省略，如“我（感觉）热”,注：there be 句型；it+be+adj.+for sb to do sth；强调句；
13、倒装句；祈使句；感叹句等,哪些短,哪些长,形容词副词,介词短语从句非谓语动词,关于“平行并列结构”,定义：由“并列词”and/or/but/as well as/not only but also/both and/either or/neither nor 等，“含义相似、结构相同”的并列项连接起来构成的结构。简记为“A and B”或“A,B and C”,原则上，只要“含义相似，结构相同”的东西都能并列。读句子时要注意意识到是谁和谁并列。形容词并列：Mr.Smith is a kind,patient and knowledgeable English teacher.动词并列：With
14、 the Internet,people can not only play computer games but also do online shopping.副词并列：You are supposed to answer the following questions quickly and accurately.,介短并列：And that government(of the people),(by the people)and(for the people)shall not perish(from the earth).从句并列：Ive finished reading the b
15、ook which was written by Mo Yan and which you lent me last month.非谓语动词并列：Singing and laughing,we headed to the park.整句并列：The children can go with us or they can stay at home.,句子规律,主干成分,修饰成分,基本句型汉英语序一致,此外还有若干高级句型,汉语中，修饰成分位于中心词之前,英语中，较短修饰成分位于中心词之前，较长修饰成分位于中心词之后,主谓宾,主系表,注：汉语中系动词常省略，如“我（感觉）热”,注：there be
16、 句型；it+be+adj.+for sb to do sth；强调句；倒装句；祈使句；感叹句等,哪些短,哪些长,形容词副词,介词短语从句非谓语动词,三个步骤读懂长难句,Step 1【预处理】：给“三长”加括号，给“并列词”(and,or,but,as well as等)加方框，给“并列项”(A and B)加三角注1：先找B，后找AA与B结构相同、含义相似I like the box you promised to give me and the flower(in your hand).,例句6：（2012年江苏卷难句）The Department of Agriculture has p
17、rograms aimed at developing more farmers and at increasing interest in locally grown food.语法填空1：I got on the bus and found a seat near the back,and then I noticed a man _(sit)at the front.He _(pretend)that a tiger toy was real and giving it a voice.,sitting,was pretending,语法填空2：Our modern life is ch
18、anging our eating habits.We _(spend)too much time in front of TV or computers and becoming“couch potatoes”or“mouse potatoes”.,are spending,三个步骤读懂长难句,Step 1【预处理】：给“三长”加括号，给“并列词”(and,or,but,as well as等)加方框，给“并列项”(A and B)加三角注2：一旦出现下一修饰成分，就果断将上一修饰成分结束掉，不管上一修饰成分本身结束了没有。The number of calories we need _(v
19、ary)depending on what kind of body we have(are we short,tall,heavy etc.)and _ active we are.,三个步骤读懂长难句,Step 2【做直译】：一个括号一个括号地翻译Li Hui is a teacher(teaching English)(in Beijing)(which is the capital)(of China).李辉是老师 教英语 在北京 它是首都 中国的注3：英语是一门“挂钩”的语言，每个括号里的第一个单词，都称为挂钩单词，可以通过利用每个挂钩提问和回答问题，将一个个括号连接起来。,例句2：
20、（2012年北京卷长难句）They will be able to clear away the mystery of mathmatics and face their studies with more confidence than they ever imagined.,of,with,to,than,例句3：（2012年新课标长难句）The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to a general rules that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in s
21、chool,because they are one of the things that we overlearn in the childhood.,to,that,that,in,because,of,that,in,三个步骤读懂长难句,Step 3【调语序】：后修变前修，增删个别词Li Hui is a teacher(teaching English)(in Beijing)(which is the capital)(of China).李辉是老师 教英语 在北京 它是首都 中国的李辉是一名老师，他在中国的首都北京教英语。,例句5：（2009年山东卷难句）Hello.Its one
22、 of the first words we learnt as babies;its one of the last words we think to use as adults.Thats unfortunately,because saying hello is more than just saying hello;its recognition of anothers worth.,例句7：（2012年山东卷难句）If you started to dry clothes in the morning and forgot to take them out,you can go t
23、o your phone and restart your dryer for the time when come home,so your clothes are refreshed and ready to go.,例句8：（2012新课标卷难句）Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as child but have never practiced ever since.,背单词/短语/句型是为了读懂句子,读懂句子是为了读懂段落,读懂段落是为了读懂文章结构和主题,段落
24、的秘密看懂文章做对题,句子段落=+逻辑,T:Topic sentence主题句E:Explanation解释句E:Example 举例子C:Conclusion总结句,逻辑连词；逻辑副词代词,【2012新课标全国卷 D】Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.A man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can sti
25、ll swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water.He can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away.He can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son.A mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins Twinkle,twinkle,little star or re
26、member the story of Cinderella or Goldilocks and the Three Bears.,A man,A mother,He,He,Grown-ups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since.,One explanation is the law of overlearning,which can be stated as follows:Once we hav
27、e learned something,additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it.In childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming,bicycle riding,and playing baseball long after we have learned them.We continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as Twink
28、le,twinkle,little star and childhood tales such as Cinderella and Goldilocks.We not only learn but overlearn.,we,One explanation is the law of overlearning,which can be stated as follows,we,we,we,We,We,We not only learn but overlearn.,The multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the general r
29、ule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school,because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.The law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination,though it may result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.By c
30、ramming,a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination,but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned.A little overlearning,on the other hand,is really necessary for ones future development.,The multiplication tables,The law of overlearning explains why crammi
31、ng(突击学习)for an examination,though it may result in a passing grade,is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course.,A little overlearning,on the other hand,is really necessary for ones future development.,阅读理解考察什么？,阅读理解不是考你看完文章后答出五道题；而是通过五道题看你能否读懂这篇文章！【读懂什么？】主题：文章主题；段落主题重点：关键信息句,阅读理解有三种信息：有效信息：干
32、扰信息：无效信息：,主题；重点和错误选项对应非重点,主题一、何为主题主题：文章描述的对象主旨：文章关于该对象的观点、态度二、抓主题有什么用Whats the main idea of the passage?Whats the best title for the passage?Whats the passage mainly about?抓主题可以：看懂这篇文章在“讲什么”，帮你解决“主旨题”帮你排除“细节题”中，不符合主旨的选项,三、如何抓主题？寻找重复词（限时训练P72）读懂主题句段落首尾句问答处（问题给主题，答语给主旨）（限时训练P78）首句之中或之后出现but或because，则b
33、ut/because 之后是主题冒号、破折号揭示文章主题,重点一、何为重点答：题目考的就是重点！56.If a child is interested in the universe,he probably will visit _?57.What can kids do at a Youtheater?58.What does“hands-on science”mean in the last para?二、如何找重点“一眼秒杀”型关键词“同义替换”型关键词,阅读理解七宗罪,以偏概全：主旨题偷换概念：原文中的A事物和选项中的A事物含义不同移花接木：跨段落设置干扰选项答非所谓+照抄全文：以原文某句话直接作答，但该句话无法回答所问的问题语法变异：修饰词程度/比较关系/时态 变异逻辑变异：因果倒置/过度推断/绝对化与主题不符：选项本身讲得很对，但并不是本文主要讨论的内容,
