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1、托福阅读长难句的逻辑关系,王奇,四大逻辑关系,对比转折关系 因果关系 比较关系否定关系,因果关系（显性）,因：because,for,as,since,in that+句子 because of,on account of+名词或名词短语 eg.She was fortunate in that she had friends to help her.She retired early on account of ill health.果：so,so that,therefore,thereby,as a result,hence,thus,consequently,accordingly（用
2、于句首）,因果关系（隐性）,A.导致（因-果）：cause,reason,lead to,give rise to,result in,make,render,push,fuel,stimulate,spark,spurEg.His rude remarks fueled her anger.This accidental killing sparked major riots in the cities.The shock of the discovery rendered him speechless.The girls loving care spurred his recovery.U
3、nhygienic conditions give rise to disease.,因果关系（隐性）,B.由而来（果-因）：result from,derive from,originate from,stem from,be attributable to The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and tremendous numbers of people affected,as well as from the great difficulty of reversin
4、g or even slowing the process.(句子转化)逻辑：因果主干：Seriousness results from A and B,as well as C or D.,解题要点,Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.1.错误选项的特征：
5、a.改变原意，通常与原句表达意思相反；b.遗漏原句的主要信息。2.抓住主要逻辑内容：逻辑关系+主要内容,优先考虑与原句逻辑 关系相同的选项。3.题目要求选择的是与原句主要意思相同的句子,意味着并不是 原句中每一个微小细节都要在正确答案中得到复述。,Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.Slowing down the process of desertificatio
6、n is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the p
7、opulation is reduced in the vast areas affected.,Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.,Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large are
8、as of land.（错误，遗漏重要信息。）,The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.（错误，改变原意。）,Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.（错
9、误，遗漏重要信息。）,Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.（正确，逻辑关系和主要内容与原句一致。）Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.The spre
10、ad of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.,对比转折关系,对比：while,whereas,on the other hand转折：
11、but,however,yet,nevertheless,nonetheless,conversely,instead,on the contrary,by contrast,转折（句子转化）,If the pores are large,the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold,and it will drain away;but if the pores are small enough,the water in them will exist as thin films,too
12、light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place;then the water will be firmly held.,转折（句子转化）,If the pores are large,the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold,and it will drain away;but if the pores are small enough,the water in them will exist a
13、s thin films,too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place;then the water will be firmly held.,转折（句子转化）,If the pores are large,the water in them will exist as drops too heavy for surface tension to hold,and it will drain away;but if the pores are small enough,the water in
14、them will exist as thin films,too light to overcome the force of surface tension holding them in place;then the water will be firmly held.,Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but is strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with smal
15、l pores.Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.If the force of surface tension is too weak
16、 to hold water in place as heavy drops,the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.,Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but is strong enough to hold on to thin films of water in rocks with small pores.,W
17、ater in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.（错误，与原句意思相反。）,Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.（错误，改变原意。）,If the force of surface ten
18、sion is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops,the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.（错误，与原句意思相反。）,Surface tension is not strong enough to retain drops of water in rocks with large pores but is strong enough to hold on to thin films of water
19、 in rocks with small pores.（正确，逻辑关系和主要内容与原句一致。）Water in rocks is held in place by large pores and drains away from small size pores through surface tension.Small pores and large pores both interact with surface tension to determine whether a rock will hold water as heavy drops or as a thin film.If t
20、he force of surface tension is too weak to hold water in place as heavy drops,the water will continue to be held firmly in place as a thin film when large pores exist.,比较关系,A.同级比较:asas B.比较级：morethan,-er than,lessthan C.变化：change,alter,vary,modify,revise,increase,decrease,enhance,diminish,develop,pr
21、ogress,advance,improve,retreat,degenerate,continue,remain D.差异：different,distinguish,separate,similar,comparable,compareto E.超越：surpass,exceed,excel,over F.最高级：a.本身有最高级含义：maximum,minimum,peak,outstanding,top b.本身程度比较深：amazing,surprising,astonishing,prohibitively high c.否定+比较=最高级,否定词加比较级,1.cant/could
22、nt+比较级 I cant agree with you more.The weather couldnt be worse.2.not/no/never/nothing/+比较级 This could give her no greater pleasure.Shes never better.再不过了,比较关系,The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St.Helens,in the northwestern United States,for example,pales in comparison to the
23、destruction caused by humans.,比较关系,The destruction caused by the volcanic explosion of Mount St.Helens,in the northwestern United States,for example,pales in comparison to the destruction caused by humans.A pales in comparison to/with B 相形见绌，显得逊色Last years riots paled in comparison with this latest
24、outburst of violence.,否定关系,显性否定：no,not,never,nor,none,neither 隐性否定：fail to,refuse,remove,miss,reject,absence of,lack of,more than(just),far from 否定前缀：a-,ab-,dis-,il-,im-,in-,non-,un-（否定前缀是词汇题中经常出的一个考点，把握否定前缀可以帮助考生把握一些生词，依靠否定前缀对选项进行一个排除。）双重否定：这种句子形式上虽为否定，实则表示强烈的肯定！,双重否定,1.否定词 no/not等表示否定意义的形容词。It is not uncommon for students to do part-time jobs.2.否定词 no/not/never等withoutWe cannot succeed without your help3.否定词 no/not/never/nobody/few等具有否定意义的 词或短语。There is no denying the truth,四大逻辑关系,因果关系（result from）对比转折关系（but）比较关系（否定+比较，pale in comparison to）否定关系（双重否定）,Thank you,
