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1、Ralph Waldo Emerson爱默生简介,-方涵琦,生平简介,拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生（Ralph Waldo Emerson，1803年1882年），生于波士顿。美国思想家、文学家，诗人。爱默生是确立美国文化精神的代表人物。美国前总统林肯称他为“美国的孔子”、“美国文明之父”。1803年5月6日出生于马萨诸塞州波士顿附近的康考德村，1882年4月27日在波士顿逝世。他的生命几乎横贯19世纪的美国，他出生时候的美国热闹却混沌，一些人意识到它代表着某种新力量的崛起，却无人能够清晰的表达出来。,Ralph Waldo Emerson(May 25,1803 April 27,1882)was a
2、n American lecturer,philosopher,essayist,andpoet,best remembered for leading theTranscendentalistmovement of the mid-19th century.He was seen as a champion ofindividualismand a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society,and he disseminated his thoughts through dozens of published es
3、says and more than 1,500 public lectures across the United States.Emerson gradually moved away from the religious and social beliefs of his contemporaries,formulating and expressing the philosophy of Transcendentalism in his 1836 essay,Nature.Following this ground-breaking work,he gave a speech enti
4、tledThe American Scholarin 1837,whichOliver Wendell Holmes,Sr.considered to be Americas Intellectual Declaration of Independence.1Considered one of the great lecturers of the time,Emerson had an enthusiasm and respect for his audience that enraptured crowds.,早年经历,爱默生出身牧师家庭，他的父亲是威廉爱默生是一位知名的一位论派牧师。爱默生
5、在即将过八岁的两周前父亲过世（1811年），由母亲和姑母抚养他成人。隔年他被送到了波士顿拉丁学校就读。在1817年10月爱默生14岁时，他入读哈佛大学并且被任命为新生代表，这个身份让他获得免费住宿的机会。为了增添微薄的薪水，寒假期间他会到Ripley 伯父在马萨诸塞州瓦胜市的学校进行辅导及教学事务。在校期间，他阅读了大量英国浪漫主义作家的作品，丰富了思想，开阔了视野。1821年爱默生从哈佛大学毕业后，他协助自己的兄弟在母亲的家中设立一所给年轻女性就读的学校，这是在他于切尔姆斯福德设立自己的学校以后的事；当爱默生的兄弟前往格丁根读神学时，爱默生负责主持这所学校。之后数年，爱默生都过著担任校长的日
6、子，然后进了哈佛大学神学院，并于1829年以一位论派牧师的形象崭露头角。,Emerson wrote most ofhis important essaysas lectures first,then revised them for print.His first two collections of essays Essays:First Series andEssays:Second Series,published respectively in 1841 and 1844 represent the core of his thinking,and include such well
7、-known essays asSelf-Reliance,The Over-Soul,Circles,The PoetandExperience.Together withNature,these essays made the decade from the mid-1830s to the mid-1840s Emersons most fertile period.Emerson wrote on a number of subjects,never espousing fixed philosophicaltenets,but developing certain ideas suc
8、h asindividuality,freedom,the ability for man to realize almost anything,and the relationship between the soul and the surrounding world.Emersons nature was more philosophical thannaturalistic;Philosophically considered,the universe is composed of Nature and the Soul.“While his writing style can be
9、seen as somewhat impenetrable,and was thought so even in his own time,Emersons essays remain one of thelinchpinsof American thinking,and Emersons work has influenced nearly every generation of thinker,writer and poet since his time.When asked to sum up his work,he said his centraldoctrinewas theinfi
10、nitudeof the private man.,Early life,family,and education,Emerson was born inBoston,Massachusettson May 25,1803,son of Ruth Haskins and theRev.William Emerson,aUnitarianminister.He was named after his mothers brother Ralph and the fathers great-grandmother Rebecca Waldo.Ralph Waldo was the second of
11、 five sons who survived into adulthood;the others were William,Edward,Robert Bulkeley,and Charles.Three other childrenPhebe,John Clarke,and Mary Carolinedied in childhood.The young Ralph Waldo Emersons father died from stomach cancer on May 12,1811,less than two weeks before Emersons eighth birthday
12、.Emerson was raised by his mother,with the help of the other women in the family;his aunt Mary Moody Emerson played an important role.Aunt Mary had a profound effect on Emerson.She lived with the family off and on,and maintained a constant correspondence with Emerson until her death in 1863.,Emerson
13、s formal schooling began at theBoston Latin Schoolin 1812 when he was nine.In October 1817,at 14,Emerson went toHarvard College and was appointed freshman messenger for the president,requiring Emerson to fetch delinquent students and send messages to faculty.Midway through his junior year,Emerson be
14、gan keeping a list of books he had read and started a journal in a series of notebooks that would be called Wide World.He took outside jobs to cover his school expenses,including as a waiter for the Junior Commons and as an occasional teacher working with his uncle Samuel inWaltham,MassachusettsBy h
15、is senior year,Emerson decided to go by his middle name,Waldo.Emerson served as Class Poet;as was custom,he presented an original poem on Harvards Class Day,a month before his official graduation on August 29,1821,when he was 18.He did not stand out as a student and graduated in the exact middle of
16、his class of 59 people.In 1826,faced with poor health,Emerson went to seek out warmer climates.He first went to Charleston,South Carolina,but found the weather was still too cold.He then went further south,to St.Augustine,Florida,where he took long walks on the beach,and began writing poetry.While i
17、n St.Augustine,he made the acquaintance ofPrince Achille Murat.Murat,the nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte,was only two years his senior;the two became extremely good friends and enjoyed one anothers company.The two engaged in enlightening discussions on religion,society,philosophy,and government,and Eme
18、rson considered Murat an important figure in his intellectual education.While in St.Augustine,Emerson had his first experience of slavery.At one point,he attended a meeting of the Bible Society while there was a slave auction taking place in the yard outside.He wrote,One ear therefore heard the glad
19、 tidings of great joy,whilst the other was regaled with Going,gentlemen,going!,1.Emersons transcendentalism:The over-soulit is an all-pervading power goodness,from which all things come and of which all are a part.It is a supreme reality of mind,a spiritual unity of all beings and a religion.It is a
20、 communication between an individual soul and the universal over-soul.And he strongly believe in the divinity and infinity of man as an individual,so man can totally rely on himself.2.Transcendentalismit is a philosophic and literary movement that flourish in New England,as a reaction against ration
21、alism and Calvinism.It stressed intuitive understanding of god without the help of the church,and advocated independence of the mind.3.His attitude toward nature:Emerson loves nature.His nature is the garment of the over-soul,symbolic and moral bound.Nature is not something purely of the matter,but
22、alive with Gods presence.It exercise a healthy and restorative influence on human beings.Children can see nature better than adult.We do not look in our great cities for our best morality.Jane Austin,名言警句,Everyone has a kind of belligerent attitude of mind,are inclined to this eternal war crimes,he
23、wanted to prove himself as a mighty force alone will be able to deal with the enemy Emerson人人内心都有一种好战的态度，都倾向于战争这种永恒的罪行，他想以此证明自己单枪匹马就能对付敌人的千军万马 Progress is the activity of today and the assurance of tomorrow.(Emerson,American thinker)进步是今天的活动、明天的保证。(美国思想家 爱默生),.Shallow men believe in luck.Self-trust
24、isthe first secret of success肤浅的人相信运气，而成功的首要秘诀是自信。美国思想家爱默生,R.W.Do not go where the path may lead,go instead where there is no path and leave a trail.不要沿着前人留的路走，去自己开路并留下足迹。美国思想家爱默生,R.W.Insist on yourself;never imitate Every great man is unique.坚持做你自己；不要模仿别人.每个伟大的人都是独一无二的。美国思想家爱默生,R.W.The lanscope belongs to the man who looks at it.Ralph Waldo Emerson,American thinker 风景属于看风景的人。美国思想家爱默生R W To fill the hour-that is happiness.Ralph Woldo Emerson,American thinker 让时间过得充实些，那才是幸福。美国思想家爱默生,R.W.,
