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1、第四章 语篇形式,Forms of Discourse,1.By form(按形态划分）According to the form of News,they can be roughly divided into three categories:(1)消息报道(News Reporting)(2)特写文章(feature articles or feature)(3)新闻评论(Opinion writing orNews Comments),The News Classification,2.By content(按内容划分）1.political news2.economic news3.
2、technological news4.cultural news5.sports news6.violence and crime news7.disaster news8.weather news9.entertainment and miscellanies,3.By event property（按事件性质划分）1.hard news(or spot news/straight news,硬新闻或纯消息报道):news reported immediately,straightly and objectively that deal with serious topics or eve
3、nts,such as the political news,economic news and international issues,which are usually involved with inverted pyramid form.新鲜、题材较严肃，事实报道客观2.soft news：social news not dealing with serious topics or events with more background information or human-interest(人情味),which are usually involved with pyramid
4、 form.轻松的社会新闻 high news：财经、政治方面新闻,low news：通俗的社会新闻见：P48,第一节 消息报道(News Reporting),Pyramid,一、消息（News）（1）definition：以简要的文字迅速报道新闻事实，是最基本、最广泛、最经常采用的新闻体裁。News in brief words is information about a recently changed situation or a recent event,which is the most basicly,widely-and frequently-employed type of
5、 reporting（2）composition：News:headline（标题）,lead（导语）,body（正文）,North;East;West;South,(3)基本结构（basic structure）1.倒金字塔结构（inverted pyramid form），也称“倒叙法”（flash-back）2.金字塔结构（pyramid form）,也称“编年史结构”（chronological style）,1.倒金字塔结构（inverted pyramid form）,Summary Lead(5Ws and 1H)Fact-1 Fact-2 Fact-3 Fact-n,Event
6、s inDescending orderof importance,最重要、新鲜，回答人们普遍关心的问题,略微次要补充细节,最次要,Q1:What s the relationship between the headline,the lead and the News?Q2:What are contained in the lead of news?,A lead is the first paragraph of a news story.It is an information-pact sentence that expands the headline of the news.It
7、 is also a kind of mini-news,the summary of the main story of the whole news.(导语是消息的概括，而标题又是导语的概括),Lead(导语）:paragraph one(generally)Function：1.简要文字反映消息要点 2.引出、阐述、解释该主题的新闻 主题 3.唤起读者注意，吸引读者阅读 Characteristics：Based on the principle of reality,lead should be concise,lively,attractive,and informativeSix
8、elements（六要素）:who,what,when,where,why and how 说明：新闻报道现在仍采用倒金字塔结构为主，但不一定在导语中全部都包括五个W 和一个H，或许只有三个或四个W，另外的出现在下面段落中。,US Marines，launching a daylight helicopter operation from ships offshore，rescued 59 Americans on Sunday from the Liberian capital of Monrovia to protect them from what the White House sai
9、d was imminent danger in that war torn nation International Herald Tribune,Example 1,Who:What:When:Where:Why:How:,US Marines,rescued 59 Americans；,on Sunday,the Liberian capital of Monrovia利比里亚首都蒙罗维亚,to protect them（from what the White House Said was imminent danger in that war torn nation）,launchin
10、g a daylight helicopter operation,文章的其余段落都是第一段的延伸和扩展，实际上起到了解释和深化导语的作用。若无暇阅读，只要浏览第一段便可掌握事件的轮廓。,LONDON Guardian editorAlan Rusbridgeron Tuesday vigorously defended his decision to publish a series of articles based on the secret files leaked by former National Security Agency contractor Edward Snowden
11、,telling a parliamentary committee that the right to continue pursuing the story goes to the heart of press freedoms and democracy in Britain.(5Ws&1H?),Who:Guardian editor Alan RubridgerWhat:defended his decision to publish a series of articlesWhen:on Tuesday Why:because those articles are based on
12、the secret files leaked by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden Where:How:by telling a parliamentary committee that the right to pursue the story goes to the heart of press freedoms and democracy,Example 2:P45 NAJINGA Yak-42 airliner carrying 116 passengers and 10 crew members crashed on takeoff fro
13、m the Nanjing Airport in East China yesterday at 15:06(Beijing time).So far,100 people on board are dead and 26 injured,Who:What:When:Where:Why:How:,Summary LeadWHO-WHAT-WHEN-WHERE-WHY-HOW-,116 passengers and 10 crew members,A Yak-42airliner crashed on takeoff;100 people on board are dead and 26 inj
14、ured.,yesterday at 15:06(Beijing time),Nanjing Airport in East China,not mentioned,on takeoff,3.The Israeli Defense Minister Moshe Ya alon has expressed regret for the death of a Palestinian government minister Ziad Abu Ein following a confrontation with Israeli forces.Mr Ya alon said the incident i
15、n the West Bank has been investigated.Pictures show an Israeli border policeman holding the minister by the throat.Mr Abu Ein spoke to reporters the moment before he collapsed.2014-12-12(from BBC),Who:What:Why:How:Where:When:,Ya alon has expressed regret for the death of Ziad Abu Ein,Israeli Defense
16、 Minister Moshe Ya alon,Palestinian government minister Ziad Abu Ein,a confrontation with Israeli forces,an Israeli border policeman held the minister by the throat,in the West Bank,when Mr Abu Ein spoke to reporters,Palestinian ministers death condemned around the world Abu Ein was a high-ranking P
17、alestine Liberation Organization,or PLO,official,whose portfolio was equivalent to that of a government minister.He was also in charge of the Israeli settlements issue in the PLO.The cause of his death remains a matter of dispute.Palestinian officials said itwas the result of beating andteargas-indu
18、ced suffocationwhereas the Israeli officials claim he suffered fromcoronary artery blockage.冠状动脉堵塞,Sydney cafe siege ends;3 dead,including gunmanSource:AP|December 16,2014,The deadly siege began in the most incongruous of ways,on a sunny Monday morning inside a cheerful cafe in the heart of Australi
19、as largest city.An Iranian-born gunman burst in,took 17 people hostage,and forced some to hold a flag with an Islamic declaration of faith above the shop windows festive inscription of Merry Christmas.(the lead)Who:What:When:WhereWhy:how,a gunman and 17 hostages,The deadly siege began,Monday morning
20、,inside a cafe in the heart of Australias largest city,A gunman burst in and book hostages,In the most incongruous of way,It ended after midnight with a barrage of gunfire that left two hostages and the gunman dead,four others wounded,and a nation that has long prided itself on its peace rocked to i
21、ts core.After waiting 16 hours,police stormed the Lindt Chocolat Cafe early Tuesday when they heard gunfire inside,said New South Wales state police Commissioner Andrew Scipione.A loud bang rang out,several hostages ran from the building and police swooped in amid heavy gunfire,shouts and flashes.A
22、police bomb disposal robot also was sent into the building,but no explosives were found.,fact 1:the result of rescue is the most important:casualties 伤亡人数,Fact 2:details of the rescue process,The gunman was identified as 50-year-old Man Haron Monis,who once was prosecuted for sending offensive lette
23、rs to families of Australian troops killed in Afghanistan.Prime Minister Tony Abbott said Monis had a long history of violent crime,infatuation with extremism and mental instability.,Fact 3:information about the gunman,一、导语：新闻基本要素,概括要点二：对于disaster，读者最关心的是结果和伤亡人数三：紧接着是营救过程四：然后相关信息，如关于凶手,lead,fact1,fa
24、ct2,fact3,The bloody siege of an elite army high school left at least 141 students and teachers dead(from Washington post December 16 at 7:11 PM ISLAMABAD,Pakistan The bloody siege of an elite army high school Tuesday by Taliban gunmen,which killed at least 141 students and teachers,was an apparent
25、retaliation（报复）for a major recent army operation after years of ambivalent（矛盾的）policies toward the homegrown Islamist militants.(5Ws&1H?),Who:What:When:Where:Why:How:,Taliban gunman,Killed 141 students and teachers,Tuesday,an elite army high school,an apparent retaliation for a major recent army ope
26、ration,In a bloody siege,The mass targeting of children,in a military zone in the northwestern city of Peshawar,drew condemnation from around the world,as well as from across Pakistans political and religious spectrums（领域，范围）a rare display of unity in a country where Islamist violence is often quiet
27、ly accepted and sometimes defended.The attack was also condemned by Taliban leaders in Afghanistan.,More than 130 students and nine teachers or staff members were killed and hundreds injured,Pakistani officials say.,Fact 1:the most important details：place and aftermath（后果）of the slaughter,Some analy
28、sts suggested that after years of suicide bombings and attacks on markets,mosques,hotels and military bases,the insurgents(叛乱分子）had finally gone too far,and that widespread public outrage over this attack might signal a decisive turn in the nations and the governments reluctance to fully take on the
29、 Taliban.,Fact 2:comments from some analysts and another aftermath of the massacre,The massacre(大屠杀）was the most intimate assault ever against Pakistans military,the nations most respected and powerful institution.The only comparable incident was in December 2009,when a small group of assailants(攻击者
30、）penetrated army headquarters in the garrison（要塞）city of Rawalpindi and killed more than 30 people praying at an army mosque.,Fact 3,compare this attack with the incident in 2009,屠杀目标相似,The death toll Tuesday also rivaled(比得上）one of the highest in Pakistan in recent years,when suicide bombings in 20
31、07 killed about 150 people in Karachi during celebrations to welcome former prime minister Benazir Bhutto（本 布托）back to Pakistan after years in self-exile.Bhutto was assassinated soon after.,Fact 4:another attack in 2007，伤亡人数相近,A:Five“W”+“How”B:The details and the most important aftermath of the atta
32、ckC:another aftermath D:incident in2009E:attack in2007,Fact 1,Lead,Fact 2,Fact 3,Fact 4,Fact3 and fact4 are the relevant information,written in time order,Hijacked Jets Destroy Twin Towers and PentagonQ1:What elements are contained in the lead?,Example 3:P66,Who:hijackersWhat:rammed two jetliners in
33、to New Yorks World Trade Center towers,and a third jetliner crashed into the PentagonWhen:yesterdayWhere:New York and Virginia,Q2:How did the hijackers make the attacks?,the first,8：48 a.m.,crashed into the north tower of World Trade Centera second,18 minutes later(9:06 a.m.),plowed into the south t
34、ower of World Trade Center3.a third,9:40 a.m.,hit the western part of the Pentagon4.a fourth,(),crashed in a remote field,about 80 miles south of Pittsburgh,1.Translate the first paragraph into Chinese.2.Boston and Los Angeles are two American cities far apart from each other.(T/F)3.The four jetline
35、rs crashed into different buildings in New York in the morning of the same day.(T/F),T,F,几名劫机分子昨日劫持两家喷气式飞机撞向纽约世贸中心，致使双塔倒塌，顿时尘土飞扬，玻璃飞溅，浓烟滚滚，一副地狱般的景象。紧接着，第二架飞机又撞击了位于弗吉利亚州的（美国国防部）五角大楼。,4.Hijackers rammed jetliners into each of New Yorks World Trade Center tower yesterday.A.crammed B.crashed C.thrusted
36、D.battered 5.toppling both in a hellish storm of ash,glass,smoke and leaping victims.A.ousting B.smashing C.tumbling D.capsizing6.The attacks seemed carefully coordinated.A.orchestrated B.planned C.related D.synergized7.The hijacked planes were all en route to California,and Therefore gorged with fu
37、el A.gobbled B.filled C.notched D.overindulged,vocabulary,B,C,A,B,4.B rammed into撞上 5.C topple倾倒 6.A coordinate使协调；配合 7.B gorge 吃饱,Keys:,Who-Osama Bin Laden What-was killed Where-in PakistanWhen-Why-He is the mastermind of the most devastating attack on American soil in modern times and the most hun
38、ted man in the world How-in a firefight with United States forces,WASHINGTON Osama bin Laden,the mastermind of the most devastating attack on American soil in modern times and the most hunted man in the world,was killed in a firefight with United States forces in Pakistan,President Obama announced o
39、n Sunday.(5Ws&1H?),P111:Phelps Writes Games Gold HistoryQ:Can you give the inverted pyramid form of the new?,Lead:who;what;when(para.1)对标题的扩展,Fact 1:first race of the day,200m butterfly(para.210)最辛苦(did it swimming blind),Fact 2:second race,4x200m mens freestyle relay(para.11-13)轻松(No such worries),
40、Fact 3:more races left(para.14-15),The most difficult,both details and result:Goggles problemKeep track by counting strokes touch the wall firstset record time 1:52.03,No details but result,No details,no result,Descending order of importance,(The New York Times June 3,2011),P48:Rearrange the paragra
41、phs into correct oeder,Suicide Bombers Attack a Mosque and a Hospital in Iraqi City,一.Lead:when,where,what等,并对应题目，是题目的扩展,二.Disaster发生，伤亡情况是最重要的,三.背景介绍,四.发生的具体经过：因为是两次自杀性爆炸，所以应该以先后顺序报道两次的具体经过,五.最后交待它的影响,人们对它的评论,suicide bombers attack a mosque and a hospital in Iraqi city BAGHDAD violence erupted nort
42、h of Baghdad on Friday as a suicide bomber attacked at a mosque,and then several hours later another suicide bomber attacked the hospital where the wounded were being treaded.,Who:What:When:Where:How:,What:Violence eruptedWhen:on FridayWhere:north of BaghdadHow:Suicide bombers attacked a mosque and
43、a hospital本星期五在巴格达的北部突发了暴力事件，一名自杀性炸弹袭击了一座清真寺。数小时之后，另名自杀性炸弹袭击了伤者正在被救治的医院.,Inverted pyramid form:5-3-1-4-6-2 1.Summary lead:(P5)(1）what(violence erupted)(2)when(Friday),(4)where(north of Baghdad)(5)how(suicide bomber attacked at a mosque,then a hospital)2.the most important fact:Casualties(P3)(1)19 pe
44、ople died:imam;officials(2)at least 49 people wounded3.less important facts(按时间顺序倒叙):(P1-4-6)(1)the attacks came a day after;(2)about 1p.m.on Friday;(3)six hours later 4.Ending(P2)-review,Structure Analysis:Inverted pyramid form,Flashback to the factsarrangedIn Order of importance,fact 1:Casualties(
45、the most important to a disaster,who),Fact 2:a suicide bomber in Ramadi,Thuesday(background),Fact 3:Mosque 1p.m.Friday in Tikrit(detail1),summary lead(what,when,where,how),Fact4:hospital,sixhours later,Friday,(detail2),Ending:influence and comment,2.金字塔结构（pyramid form）(1)将报道的事实按时间顺序排列，推进情节。即：先发生的先写，
46、后发生的后写。故这种写法又称“编年史结构”（Chronological Style)。节奏较慢，不适合“硬新闻”。(2)由“开头”(beginning),“正文”(body),”“结尾”（ending)组成，层层深入，逐步递增，至故事高潮。如图所示：,beginning:the subjectBody:facts or events Ending:climax,composition 1,EventsInTimeSequence,Fact-1Fact-2Fact-3Fact-4.Fact-nEnding,EventsInAscendingOrderofSequence,Composition
47、2,minor,important,climax,结局,1）行文构思比较方便2）可保持新闻事实比较完整的故事性3）容易清楚的反映出新闻事件原委始末的 脉络4）制造悬念(suspended interest)，增强读者兴趣5）适合于报道故事性强、以情节取胜的事件,characteristics,展开情节的节奏较慢，这种结构不适宜于报道“硬”新闻对记者要求较高，要有一定的概括能力,disadvantage,Pyramid form:P47,1.The first paragraph Introduces the subject by telling what happened to the faw
48、n.What happened to her?2.How did the fawn survive?3.Who is Joanie and why she was a joy?4.What happened to Joanie on April 13?5.How did the police find the criminal?6.Can you find the 5 Ws in the article?In which paragraph?List them.,Who:August John SchererWhat:He was found guilty and was fined$400W
49、hen:WednesdayWhere:Stoddard County Magistrate CourtWhy:for discharging a firearm from a public highway and for hunting out of season,Beginning/Fact 1:three years age,a fawn was tangled in a wire fence,then found by Harold Merick,Fact2:The fawn was adopted by the family,Fact3:the fawn survived,named
50、Joanie,Fact4:Joanie grew,and she was a joy,Fact5:Joanie was shot(climax)ON April 13-in time laterby the time Merick returned-as he was about to give up two hours after the gunman was arrested,Ending:Wednesday,August John Scherer,was found guilty,Pyramid form,Unfoldedstep by step in time sequence til
