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1、Lesson 1-16,过去进行时 L1,L2-A young man and a young woman were sitting behind me.讲解：这个一个典型的过去进行时态的句子。,过去进行时主要表示过去某个时刻正在发生的一个动作。一般过去时和过去进行时的基本差别是：一般过去时表示一个已经完成的动作，而过去进行时表示过去一个正在进行的动作。She wrote a letter yesterday.(已经写完)She was writing a letter.(可能还没有写完),过去进行时还可以用在状语从句中，引导时间状语从句的连词有when,as，while,just as等。W
2、hen,as 和while 都可以表示“当.时候”，有时候可以替换，但是也有区别。如果引导两个同时正在进行且持续时间较长的动作，只能用while;如果表示突然发生的动作只能用when引导；如果表示恰恰在这时，用as或just as.While I was talking with my teacher,I heard the telephone ringing.I dropped my shoes as I was getting on the bus.,一般现在时 L2,L1I sometimes stay in bed until lunch time.讲解：大家注意sometimes 这
3、样的副词的位置。until 在肯定句子，动词应该是可以延续的动词。,一般现在时 L2,概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。时间状语：always,usually,often,sometimes,seldom,every week(day,year,month),once a week,on Sundays(=every Sunday)基本结构：be动词；I am a student否定形式：am/is/are+not;I am not a student一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首；,行为动词 I sometimes stay in bed until lunchtime.It
4、 seldom snows here.I never get up early on Sundays.He is always ready to help others.,否定形式：此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用doesnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：用助动词do提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用does，同时，还原行为动词。Do you always get up so late?,现在进行时 L2,1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。2.时间状语：now,at this time,days,etc.look.listen 3.基
5、本结构：be+doing 4.否定形式：be+not+doing.5.一般疑问句：把be动词放于句首。6.现在进行时特殊疑问句 e.g.How are you feeling today?(1)现在进行时表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作 表示现阶段正在进行的动作，通常用表示现阶段的时间状语，如：today,this week,this month,this year,at this moment,now等。如：He is writing a novel now.,Its raining again.I am coming to see you.But Im still having break
6、fast.What are you doing?Im having breakfast.,L5I am coming to see you.讲解：类似come,arrive,go，start 等单词进行时态可以表达将来含义。I am arriving soon.,现在进行时,(2)有些动词通常不能用进行时。不能用进行时的动词有：表示感觉或感情的词，如：hear,see,smell,taste,feel,(感官动词）seem,notice,hate,love,like,want,wish,refuse,prefer,forgive等。表示存在或所属的词，如：exist,stay,remain,o
7、btain,have,own,form,contain等。表示认识或理解的词，如：understand,know,remember,forget,believe,think,doubt等。,感叹句 L2L3What a day!,感叹句通常由what,how引导，表示赞美、惊叹、喜 悦等感情。what修饰名词，how 修饰形容词，副词或动词，感叹句结构主要有以下几种：How+形容词+a+名词+陈述语序How+形容词或副词+陈述语序Hes a rude person.How rude a person he is!The weathers terrible.How teerrible the w
8、eather is!,What+名词+陈述语序What+a+形容词+名词+陈述语序What+形容词+复数名词+陈述语序What+形容词+不可数名词+陈述语序,TEXT:转化为“what.”形式的感叹句Its an awful mess.What an awful mess it is.Theyre beautiful pictures.What beautiful pictures they are!,L6On the last day,I made a big decision.讲解：-具体日期的、星期几、以及具体几月几日，节假日以及具体特指的哪一天用on；只有月、年或者年月皆有的用in-d
9、ecide to do sth=make a decision,in:表示一天中的某段时间：in the morning/afternoon/evening表示月份/年份：in March,in 1990表示季节：in spring/winterin+一段时间可以表示在一段时间之内也可以表示在一段时间之后，可以与现在时，过去时和将来时连用。on:表示星期：on Monday表示具体日期：on June 1st表示具体时间：on that day/that evening/on that night,at:表示确切时间：at 10 oclock表示用餐时间：at lunch time/teati
10、me表示其他时刻：at noon/night/midnight,at this timeduring+一段时间fromtill/to,一般过去时 L3,概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。时间状语：ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week(year,night,month),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon a time,etc.基本结构：be动词；行为动词否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加di
11、dnt，同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句：was或were放于句首；用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。,It was Sunday.Last Sunday I got up very late.I looked out of the windowsIt was dark outside.Just then,the telephone rang.,可以带双宾语的动词动词可以分为几类，如及物动词，不及物动词，双宾动词，系动词，助动词和情态动词等。其中双宾动词后面可以跟两个宾语，前面的为间接宾语，通常表示动作的目标；后面的直接宾语，通常表示动作的结果。如果要把间接宾语放在直接宾语的后面
12、，间接宾语前面要加介词“to”（表示动作对什么人），或者加介词for(表示动作为什么人而做)。常见的双宾动词有：bring,buy,cook,find,get,leave,make,offer,pass,read,sell,send,serve,show,take,teach,tell,write等等。,He bought me a book.He bought a book for me.Tom left me a message.Tom left a message to me.She cooked us a delicious meal.She cooked a delicious me
13、al for us.Please pass me the salt.Please pass the salt to me.,动词双宾语 L3,L2A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian.讲解：直接宾语：a few words of Italian间接宾语：me,现在完成时 L4,L1 I have just received a letter from my brother,Tim 讲解：这是个典型的现在完成时态，注意just 的位置。receive a letter from sb=have a letter from sb,现在
14、完成时,基本用法：1、表示过去存在的动作或状态一直延续到现在。We have known each other for two years.2、表示动作已经完成，但对现在仍有影响。I have read that book.,构成：have/has+done过去时：强调动作完成时：强调影响I have lost my pen.表示现在没有钢笔可用I lost my pen yesterday.不表示现在有没有钢笔用,注意,现在完成时长与since 连用He has worked in the factory since he graduated in 1970.但表示时间长度时，多用一般现在时
15、It is two weeks since he left.,L2He is working for a big firm and he has already visited a great number of different places in Australia 讲解：两种不同时态的应用，注意到划线部分是对可数名词复数的修饰。,Lesson 5,L6up to now,Mr.Scott has sent a great many requests for spare parts and other urgent messages from one garage to the othe
16、r.讲解：up to now=up till now=up to present 多数在现在完成时态中使用,in the way 挡道，on the way 在路上 by the way 顺便说一下 in a way 在某种程度上 L8 In this way，he has begun his own private“telephone”service,冠词 L 6,L6He calls at every house in the street once a month and always asks for a meal and a glass of beer.讲解：call at+地点，如
17、果 call on+somebody.Once/twice/3(+)times,1不定冠词用于修饰单数可数名词，当一个单词的第一个发音为元音时要用冠词an,如果是辅音用a即可。2不定冠词还可以用来修饰一类事物，有时候也可以省略：A cat is a lovely animal.Cat is a lovely animal.3不可数名词加冠词表示一类事物：Apple is a fruit.4如果特制某人,某物或上文提过的人或物时要用定冠词the5Some表示一些，可以修饰可数名词及不可数名词。6在姓名，城市，地名，过名，月份，节日，星期前不加冠词，季节前也一般不加，特指时加。,过去进行时 L 7
18、,L 2They were expecting a valuable parcel of diamonds from South Africa讲解：expect 这个单词是一种内心的期待。例如;I am expecting his arrival 我期望他的到来。这是心里的感受。,时间状语从句,L 7While two detectives were keeping guard at the door,two others opened the parcel讲解：while 后面接过去进行时态的多。,时间状语从句（1）当主句是一般将来时态或祈使句，表示将来的意义时，从句用一般现在时。Ill r
19、ing you up as soon as I get to Beijing.(2)when 引导的时间状语从句，表示主句和从句的动作同时发生；before 表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前；after 则表示主句的动作发生在从句的动作之后；as 引导的时间状语从句时，强调并发生，不指先后。,（3）until/till 引导的时间状语从句A.主句的谓语动词时延续性动词时，主句用肯定形式，表示这一动作或状态一直延续到until/till所表示的时间为止。Ill wait for you until/till you come to see me.I will read the book unt
20、il/till I finish it.B.主句的谓语动词是非延续性动词时，用否定形式表示主句的动作直到until 所表示的时间才发生。构成句式not.until,有时不用not,而用其他如never,nothing 等表否定的词。I didnt go to bed until I finished my homework.,（4）since 引导的时间状语从句，表示自.以来，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。结构为：It has been.since+从句/It is.since+从句。I have worked in this school since I graduated
21、 from Beijing University.It is ten years since I studied English.,能交换位置的短语动词 L 7,L 6Two man took the parcel off the plane and carried it into the Custom House.讲解：take the parcel off=take off the parcel,比较级和最高级 L 8,L3Bill Friths garden is larger than Joes 讲解：很普通的比较级的形式，但是大家一定要注意：后面是Joes,L 8I always w
22、ins a little prize for the worst garden in the town！讲解：最高级,形容词的比较级与最高级单音节词的比较级最高级：直接加-er,-est:small-smaller,smallest以e结尾的加-r,-st:large-larger,largest以辅音字母加y结尾的词变y为i加-er,-est:busy-busier,busiest,重读闭音节结尾的词，双写最后一个辅音字母再加-er,-est：big-bigger,biggest多音节词及双音节词：more/less,most/lest 不规则变化：good/bad/many/little/
23、far(farther/further)注意：形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,过去将来时 L 9,It would strike in twenty minutes time讲解：in 表示过了多久后。【构成】由助动词“would/should+动词原形”构成,should主要用于主语是第一人称时;would可用于各种人称。如:Whenever we had trouble,he would come to help us.由“was/were going to+动词原形”构成。如:No one knew when he was going to come.,被动语态 L 10,L1It i
24、s called a clavichord.L7It is being repaired by a friend of my fathers.讲解：1.首先这是一个被动语态，这是什么时态呢？2.双重所有格a friend of my fathers.,双重属格与of属格的不同，如：A.He is a friend of your husbands.他是你丈夫的一个朋友。（强调你丈夫的朋友不止一个）B.He is a friend of your husband.他是你丈夫的朋友。（强调他对你丈夫的友好）可以从下边的情景对话中体会这种差别：-Who told you that?谁告诉你的？-A
25、friend of your fathers.你父亲的一个朋友说的。-If he says such things,he is not a friend of my father.如果他说这样的话，他就不是我父亲的朋友。,被动语态,结构：be+过去分词用法：主语不清或不需要提及时I was born in 1999.The apple was eaten.强调不同的主语时，为了说明动作是谁做的，用by+动作执行者The policeman caught the thief.The thief was caught by the policeman.,“动词+宾语+不定式to do”结构 L 1
26、1,L 6I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.讲解：不定式做宾语补足语。,一般将来时 L 12,L7He will take part in an important race across the Atlantic 讲解：will+do=表示将要做什么.take part in:参加区分join 加入团体、组织attend 参加会议，上课,be going to结构的用法be+副词词组：be away/be back/be out/be in/be over/be on,将来进行时 L 13,L2They will be arriving here to
27、morrow.讲解：大家体会一下将来进行时态的构成，和概念。它和一般将来时态差不多，不过是强调：将来的一个时间，正在做什么。结构：will be doing sth,L5 Womans club,名词所有格：如果名词复数以S结尾一般只加，如果名词是以S结尾的专有名词如人名，可以加S,也可以直接加，如：Keats work,the Johns house 名词所有格也可以用来表示无生命的1 时间：todays,new centurys2 国家，城市名词：the countrys,the citys3 机构组织：the stations waiting room,the universitys l
28、ibrary4 车，船，用具:the cars wheel5 专有结构：at ones wits end,6 价值：ten pounds worth of meat,7 时间：in twenty minutes time,L1After I had left a small village in the south,I drove on to the next town.讲解：体会一下过去完成时态的实际应用。是过去的过去。构成：had+done用法：表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已发生的动作或存在的状态。By the time he was twenty,he had already wri
29、tten five novels.,过去完成时的标志,By then 直到那时By the end of 直到结束By the time 直到时候Up till then 到那时Up until last night 直到昨天晚上,L5As soon as I got into the car,I said good morning to him in French and he replied in the same language.讲解：体会一下，as soon as 的用法相当于：hardly.when/no soonerthan,the moment that./on doing s
30、omething.,L5Apart from a few words,I dont know any French at all.Apart from/except for 可以放在句首except 不包括Besides 而且（包括）Your article is very good except for some spelling mistakes.,L6Neither of us spoke during the journey.讲解：neither（none）of 后加单数 both of 后加复数。,直接/间接引语 L 15,L4He told me that the firm cou
31、ld not afford to pay such large salaries 讲解：afford 的用法：可以接钱也可以接物，还有afford to do,如果引语的主句所用动词为过去时，那么间接引语要做相应变化：时态变化：一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时一般过去时/现在完成时过去完成时一般将来时过去将来时be going towas/were going to/wouldcan-couldmay-might时间地点及指示词的变化：herethere,tomorrowthe next day,the following day,thisthat人称变化：根据句意改变人称。,If引导
32、的真实条件句 L 16,L6You will enjoy your stay here if you pay attention to our street signs 讲解：1.真实条件句，主语是将来时态，从句是一般现在时态。（主将从现）2.第二人称you可以表示“任何人”的意思,Lesson 17-32,形式主语 L 17,L7It must be terrible to be grown up！讲解：It is+adj.(for sb)to do sthShe has a grown-up daughter who lives abroad.,L9My dog had taken it
33、into the garden.这个句子里had+done的结构是过去完成时的用法，我们在前几课的课文讲解里有提到过。过去完成时的使用场景 宾语从句中（尤其是间接引语中）例句：He told me that he had finished college study.（间接引语）I was told that iphone 4 had been sold out.,过去完成时 L18,用在状语从句中例句：I went home as soon as the concert had ended.用在定语从句中例句：He showed me a picture which he had taken
34、 last year.和time这个词一起用It was the first time that I had been visited here.这是我第一次来这儿玩。,can 与 may 比较 L 19,L3I hurried to the ticket office.May I have two tickets please?I asked.may（疑问词，起礼貌作用）,L10Could I have those two tickets please?I asked.在这句里，could代替了can，这是比较委婉地提出请求的用法,在时间上和can没有区别。(第二人称不能用may来表示“可以
35、吗?”，只用can）,L13I might as well have them,I said sadly.还是好，不妨may/might as well+动词原形 还是好(无可奈何)，不妨（消极）I might as well take the umbrella with me.had better+v.原形 最好做(积极心态),介宾关系 L 20,L1 I often fish for hours without catching anything.在这句话中，动名词catching作介词without的宾语（介宾）。Without asking for money,the boy went
36、 to school.,L3After having spent whole mornings on the river,I always go home with an empty bag.语法讲解动名词 v.+ing 作为介词after的宾语，动词spend所表示的动作发生在谓语动词go之前，所以动名词要用完成形式，即having spent。动名词是动词的名词形式，在句中可做主语或宾语。做主语 Fishing is my favorite sport.,肯定猜测 L 21,L4Over a hundred people must have been driven away from th
37、eir homes by the noise 讲解：must+have done 是对过去事情的推测，猜测某事一定已经发生。这种情态动词表猜测的用法在19课也有提到。,情态动词(注意情态动词表示推测的用法)表示绝对肯定的推测：must do(对现在的推测)/=sb be sure must have done（对过去的推测）表示绝对否定的推测：cant do/cant have donee.g.You cant have stayed at home yesterday because it was Friday.,表示可能性推测：might do/might have done,此处的情态动
38、词也可以换用 may/could/can/should/ought to/would/wille.g.Some psychologists claim that people might/may feel lonely when they are far away from home.,L9Everybody says I must be mad and they are probably right.这句中must后接动词原形，表示对现在情况的推测。如要表示“他一定会赢”，通常不说He must win，可说He is sure to win.(He must win的意思是他必须要赢),m
39、ust其后可接进行式或完成进行式，用以谈论一个正在进行的动作：He must be writing a letter to his girl friend.Someone must have been smoking here,2.情态动词must有时候表示命令或强制，用于否定句的mustnt表示说话人不许或禁止（某人做某事），意思是“一定不要”、“不能”，而不是“不必”。例如：You must do as you are told 对于must 开头一般疑问句，若要作否定回答，可用neednt，不用mustnt：Must I come over tonight?No,you neednt.“
40、我今晚必须过来吗?”“不必”。,3.情态动词must作“必须”解，表示必要，过去式通常用had to，其否定式为 dont have to或neednt。e.g.It was too late to go back；we must（had to）go on or fail,并列句/连词 L 25,L 2I not only spoke English very carefully,but very clearly as wellL5 He spoke neither slowly nor clearly.,（一），连词主要有but,however,yet,although,while,and,
41、then,first second,or,not only.but also.,both.and.,neither.nor.（二），并列连词和从属连词按语义分如下几种：A.常见的表示语义引申的并列连词有：1.and 2.neither.nor She could neither speak the language nor write it.,3.both.and Both you and me like drinking coffee.4.not only.but also 5.as well as I have read all his novels as well as his play
42、s.,B.表示选择的并列连词有：1.or You may do it yourself,or ask someone else to do it.2.either.or I left it either on the table or in the drawer.除了表示选择外，or和either.or还可以表示否定的条件：1)Now I must go or(if not)I shall be late for the party.2)Youll either behave yourself,or youll never go out with me.,C.表示转折或对比的并列连词有：1.b
43、ut He tried hard but he was unsuccessful.2.yet The car was old,yet it was in excellent condition.3.however However,It is not true.,D.表示因果关系的并列连词有：1.for Youd better put on your sweater,for its rather cold outside.2.so It is cold outside,so pls remember to put on a coat.3.therefore You are right,there
44、fore we should support you.,L 28,L1Jasper White is one of those rare people who believes in ancient myths.在第21课的课文详注中，“one of+名词/代词”这个结构，of后面的名词必须是复数，但与这个结构连用的动词必须是单数：One of your friends is waiting for you now.,L2He has just bought a new house in the city,but ever since he moved in,he has had troubl
45、e with cars and their owners.ever since:ever起强调作用；eg:Ever since he left school,he has never used English.,定语从句 L 29,L1 Captain Ben Fawcetts first passenger was a doctor who flew from Birmingham to a lonely village in the Welsh mountains.讲解：典型的定于从句。,1.定义：,在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句,2.先行词：,被修饰的名词或代词,关系代词、关系副词：,3
46、.引导定语从句的词,关系代词：,关系副词：,when,where,why等,who,whom,whose,which,that等,定语从句的相关概念,There was an earthquake which happenedin Tangshan in 1976.,The woman(whom you saw in the park)is our 先行词 定语从句English teacher.,1.The man _came to our school is Mr.Wang.2.The girl _ I met is Lucy.3.A child _parents are dead is
47、called Tom.4.I like the book _ you bought yesterday.5.I like the person _you just talked.,who,that,whom,that,whose,that,which,to whom,Excercise,Join two sentences into one:The boy is my brother.He helped me.,1.The boy who helped me is my brother.,The film is interesting.They saw it last night.,2.The
48、 film they saw last night is interesting.,L3The most surprising thing about it,however,is that it can land anywhere:on snow,water,or even on a ploughed field.是一个从句，起表语作用，被称为表语从句:说明主语是什么或者怎么样，由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当，和连系动词一起构成谓语。,L 30,L4There were some people rowing on the river.讲解：There be 句型的现在进行时
49、该句改写成个定语从句?,L 32,L1 People are not so honest as they once were 讲解：not soas 这是同级比较的否定形式。肯定形式是asasHe as tall as me.She is not as intelligent as we think.,Lesson 33-48,名词后缀 L 33,darkness n.黑暗dark 黑暗的-darkness 黑暗，-ness是名词性后缀，一般在形容词后加-ness构成抽象名词。比如：safe 安全的-safeness 安全lonely 孤独寂寞的-loneliness 孤独寂寞（词尾为y的先改
50、y为i）happy 快乐的-happiness 快乐tired 疲劳疲倦的-tiredness 疲劳疲倦kind 慈善的，宽容的，善良的-kindness 好意bitter 苦的-bitterness 苦味，苦难，怨恨silly 愚蠢的-silliness 愚蠢,L8On arriving at the shore,the girl struggled up the cliff towards the light she had seen讲解：on doing.表示一.就如何。,现在完成进行时 L 34,L1Dan Robinson has been worried all week.Last
