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1、Chapter 6Electric Power Systems,New Words,electric power system 电力系统cable n.电缆，缆，钢丝绳；v.架设电缆，敷设电缆fuse n.保险丝，熔断器；引信；v.熔化，熔断metern.米；测量仪表，计量器customern.客户，用户incandescent lamp白炽灯transmission line输电线路,New Words,power loss 功率损耗voltage drop电压降落AC transmission 交流输电transmission system输电系统interconnection n.相互连
2、接，互联asynchronous a.异步的nominal frequency额定频率misoperation n.误操作，误动作,Notes,1.Electric power systems(or electric energy systems),providing electricity to the modern society,have become indispensable components of the industrial world.,译为：为现代社会供电的电力系统（或电能系统）已经成为这个工业化世界不可缺少的组成部分。,Notes,2.The first complet
3、e electric power system(comprising a generator,cable,fuse,meter,and loads)was built by Thomas Edison the historic Pearl Street Station in New York City which began operation in September 1882.,译为：托马斯爱迪生建立了世界上第一个完整的电力系统，包括一台发电机，电缆，熔断器，测量仪表和负载，它位于纽约市的具有历史意义的珍珠街发电厂。,Notes,3.To keep transmission power l
4、osses(IR)and voltage drops to acceptable levels,voltage levels had to be high for long-distance power transmission.,译为：对于长距离输电而言，为了将输电损耗IR 和电压降落控制在可接受的水平，必须采用高的电压等级。,Notes,4.Such high voltages were not acceptable for generation and consumption of power;therefore,a convenient means for voltage transf
5、ormation became a necessity.,译为：如此高的电压，无论对发电还是用电都是不可接受的，因此，必须有一个方便的电压变换方法。,Notes,5.Voltage levels can be easily transformed in AC systems,thus providing the flexibility for use of different voltages for generation,transmission,and consumption.,译为：在交流系统中可以方便地实现电压等级的转换，从而实现了在不同电压水平上发电，输电，用电的灵活性。,Notes
6、,6.The increasing need for transmitting large amounts of power over longer distance created an incentive to the progressively high voltage levels.这句话中the increasing need 为主语，created 为谓语，an incentive为宾语。译为：日益增长的对远距离大容量功率的需要导致电压水平不断升高。,Notes,7.The HVDC transmission can be uesd for transmission of larg
7、e blocks of power over long distance，and providing an asynchronous link between systems where AC interconnection would be impractical because of system stability consideration or because nominal frequencies of the system are different.这句话虽然长，主谓宾并不难找，可用顺译法。译为：高压直流输电可以用来实现远距离大容量的功率传输，并且可以在系统之间提供一个异步的连
8、接，这些系统中的交流网由于受到系统稳定限制或系统额定频率不同导致不能实现,Notes,8.Because electricity can not be massively stored under a simple and economic way,the production and consumption of electricity must be done simultaneously.,译为：由于电能不能以简单和经济的方式大量储存，因此电能的生产和消费必须同时完成。,Notes,9.Therefore,a normal continuous operation of the powe
9、r system to provide a reliable power supply to the customers is of paramount importance.,译为：因此，保持电网的连续正常运行对给用户提供可靠的电能供应是极其重要的。,Exercises,课内完成section 1中的Exercises I,II 课后作业:section 1中的Exercises III（p118），并阅读section2，加深对电力系统的了解。,Translation of Negative Sentences,英语里表示否定意义的方法与汉语有很大不同。英语中，表示否定的形式多种多样，如全
10、部否定、部分否定、双重否定、意义否定等，使用灵活、微妙。有的英语句子形式上是肯定的而实质上是否定的；有的形式上是否定的而实质上是肯定的。英语否定词的否定范围和重点有时难于判断，因此在翻译英语时，必须仔细分析，彻底理解其意义及否定的重点，再根据汉语的习惯进行翻译，正确表达。,Translation of Negative Sentences,一、全部否定(否定词+肯定式谓语+其他）全部否定是对被否定的词、句的意义作全面的否定。表示全部否定时，常用neither,neithernor,no,not,never,nothing,nobody,nowhere等否定词。一般可照译为否定句。但有时需要改变
11、否定词的词序。(1)Nothing in the world moves faster than light.世界上没有任何东西比光传得更快了。(2)There is no sound evidence to prove this.没有可靠的证据可以证明这一点。,Translation of Negative Sentences,一、全部否定(3)Whether any of this causes immediate harm is not known.这是否会造成直接危害目前还不知道。(4)A gas has neither definite shape nor definite volu
12、me.气体既没有一定的形状，也没有一定的体积。,Translation of Negative Sentences,一、全部否定None of these metal have conductivity higher than copper.Nothing in the world moves faster than light.,这些金属的导电率都低于铜。,世界上没有一种东西比光走得更快。,Translation of Negative Sentences,一、全部否定Engine revolution should not exceed the maximum permissible.,发
13、动机的转速不应超过最大允许值。,这种金属不见得比铝更有用。,This metal is not more useful than aluminium.,Translation of Negative Sentences,二、部分否定（总括词not+谓语动词和其他）部分否定是对叙述的内容做部分的，而不是全部的否定。部分否定主要是由all,both,every,each,often,always等词与否定词构成，相当于汉语“不全是”、“不总是”、“并非都”、“未必都”、“不是两个都”之意。这类否定句中的否定词not有时和谓语在一起，构成谓语否定。形式上很像全部否定，但实际上是部分否定，在翻译时要特
14、别注意。(1)In a thermal power plant,all the chemical energy of the fuel is not converted into heat.在热电厂，燃料的化学能并未全部转变成热能。,Translation of Negative Sentences,二、部分否定(2)Friction is not always a disadvantage.In many instances it is highly important.摩擦并非总是不利的，在许多情况下，它是非常重要的。(3)We are not familiar with both of
15、the instruments.我们对这两台仪器不是都熟悉。(4)All these metals are not good conductors.这些金属并不都是良导体。,Translation of Negative Sentences,三、双重否定 在英文的同一句子中，出现两个否定词并用，或一个否定词与某些表示否定意义的词连用，构成双重否定，表达婉转或强调的语气。双重否定句可采用两种翻译手段，一种是采用反译法译成肯定句，另一种是采用双重否定方式。,Translation of Negative Sentences,三、双重否定主语+否定式谓语+否定词+其他主句（否定结构）+从句（否定结构
16、）主语+cannot but+动词原形+其他第一分句（否定式谓语）+but+第二分句（肯定式谓语）but引出的分句相当于without+动名词There be not+主语+but+谓语,Translation of Negative Sentences,1.译成肯定句(1)The flowing of electricity through a wire is not unlike that of water through a pipe.电流过导线就像水流过管子一样。(2)Despite the current oil glut,no serious observer believes t
17、hat this is anything but a rapidly diminishing resource.虽然目前石油供过于求，但任何一位认真的观察家都认为，石油是一种很快就要枯竭的资源。,Translation of Negative Sentences,译成肯定句(3)Gases cannot be quickly compressed without generating heat.气体迅速压缩就一定会产生热量。,Translation of Negative Sentences,2.译成双重否定(1)It is not impossible to control industri
18、al waste waters to preserve the usefulness of the receiving water.不是不可能控制工业废水以保护进水的可用性。(2)In fact,it is impossible for no force to be exerted on a body,since in this world everything is subject to the force of gravity.事实上，物体不受外力作用是不可能的，因为在这个世界上任何物体都要受到重力的作用。,Translation of Negative Sentences,2.译成双重否
19、定(3)There can never be a force acting in nature unless two bodies are involved.在自然界中不牵涉到两个物体，就不会有作用力。,Translation of Negative Sentences,四、意义上的肯定 英语中有的否定词与其他词连用形成一个固定结构，这种结构在形式上是否定的，但意义上是肯定的，常见的有nothing like（没有什么比得上），cannot too（越越好），no/not/nothing+more+than（不过），no/not/nothing+less+than（多达）等。（1）The im
20、portance of the project can hardly be exaggerated.这项工程的重要性怎么说也不过分。,Translation of Negative Sentences,四、意义上的肯定（2）It is impossible to overestimate the value of the invention.这项发明的价值无论怎样估计也不会太高。（3）Pesticides can cause a lot of harm,so you can never be too careful when using pesticides.杀虫剂会造成很大危害，所以当使用杀
21、虫剂时应特别小心。,Translation of Negative Sentences,五、含蓄否定 英语里有些词或词组形式上是肯定的，但意义往往是否定的。由这类词或词组表达的否定称为含蓄否定。翻译时，一般要把否定的意义明确译出，可译成“不”、“没”、“没有”、“非”等。1.动词或动词短语引起的否定 常见的有deny拒绝，否认，fail失败，lack缺乏，refuse拒绝，stop停止 protect from,保护免受，keep from避免，overlook 忽视，忽略，miss失败，错过等。,Translation of Negative Sentences,五、含蓄否定1.动词或动词短
22、语引起的否定(1)The experiment failed of success.实验没有成功。(2)The value of loss in this equation is so small that we can overlook it.在此方程中，损耗值太小，可以忽略不计。(3)The specification lacks detail.这份说明书不够详尽。,Translation of Negative Sentences,五、含蓄否定动词或动词短语引起的否定As rubber prevents electricity from passing through it,it is
23、used as an insulating material.,橡胶不导电，所以用作绝缘体。,Translation of Negative Sentences,五、含蓄否定2.名词引起的否定 常见的有neglect忽视，absence缺乏，loss失去，exclusion排除，ignorance无知等。A few instruments are in a state of neglect.一些仪器处于无人管理状态。,Translation of Negative Sentences,五、含蓄否定3.形容词或形容词短语引起的否定常见的有free from不受影响，ignorant of 不知道
24、，short of缺乏，last最不，little少，few少等。(1)The precision instrument must be kept free from dust.精密仪器必须保持无尘。(2)This equation is far from being complicated.这个方程式一点也不复杂。,Translation of Negative Sentences,五、含蓄否定3.形容词或形容词短语引起的否定Some of the methods are successful,some are otherwise.,在这些方法中，有些是成功的，有些则不然。,Translat
25、ion of Negative Sentences,五、含蓄否定4.介词或介词短语引起的否定 常见的有beyond 超出，above超出之外，beneath不值得，beside同无关，instead of而不是等。(1)The problem is beyond the reach of my understanding.这个问题我无法理解。(2)The Theory of Relativity worked out by Einstein is now above many peoples comprehension.爱因斯坦提出的“相对论”，现在还有不少人理解不了,Translation
26、of Negative Sentences,五、含蓄否定4.介词或介词短语引起的否定 We tried in vain to measure the voltage.,我们原想测量电压，但没有测成功。,In a rocket the jet is formed by burning chemicals within the engine without external air supply.,火箭是利用发电机内部燃烧化学物而形成喷气，不需要由外部供给空气。,Translation of Negative Sentences,五、含蓄否定5.连词及其某些短语引起的否定 常见的有before在以
27、前，尚未，but而不，would ratherthan 宁可而不愿，与其不如，rather than 而不，tooto太不等。Never start to do the experiment before you have checked the meter.没有检查好仪表，切勿开始做试验。,Translation of Negative Sentences,Farad is too large a until to be used in radio calculation.,You cannot be too careful in performing an experiment.,法拉单位
28、太大，在无线电计算中不便采用。,你做实验越仔细越好。,The path is not complete until the wires are joined.,没有导线连接，电路就不完整。,六、表示否定的一些特殊形式,Translation of Numeral Words,在科技英语和专业英语中大量出现数量词。由于英语与汉语在数量的表达方法和方式上差别较大，翻译时往往需要换算。因此，在翻译时，需要仔细分析，以免发生翻译错误，引起严重后果。,Translation of Numeral Words,1.句型：as+形容词+as 数词+as high as可译成“高达”；as heavy as可
29、译成“重达”；as large as可译成“大到（至）”；as low as可译成“低到（至）”；as many as可译成“多到”。(1)The temperature at the suns center is as high as 10000000C.太阳中心的温度高达摄氏1000万度。(2)The outer portion of the wheel may travel as fast as 600 miles per hour.轮子外缘的运动速度可能高达每小时六百英里。,Translation of Numeral Words,2.数量增加的翻译（1）句型：“be n times
30、as+形容词（或副词）+as”，“be n times+比较级+than”，“be+比较级+than+名词+by n times”，“be+比较级+by a factor of n”，可译成“是的n倍”、“n倍于”或“比大（n-1）倍”。1)The new machine turns three times as fast as the old one.新机器的转速是旧机器的三倍。（或译成：新机器的转速比旧机器快两倍。）,Translation of Numeral Words,2.数量增加的翻译2)The oxygen atom is 16 times heavier than the hy
31、drogen atom.氧原子的重量是氢原子的16倍。3)Mercury weighs more than water by about 14 times.水银比水重约十三倍。4)The error probability of binary AM is greater than for binary FM by a factor of at least 6.二进制调幅误差概率比二进制调频至少大5倍。,Translation of Numeral Words,2.数量增加的翻译（2）句型：“as+形容词或副词+again as”，“again as+形容词或副词+as”，可译成“是的两倍”，或
32、“比多（大，长）一倍”。如果again前加half，则表示“是的1.5倍”或“比多（大，长）半倍”。1)This wire is as long again as that one.这根金属线的长度是那根的2倍。,Translation of Numeral Words,2.数量增加的翻译2)The amount left was estimated to be again as much as all the zinc that has been mined.当时估计，剩余的锌储量是已开采量的两倍。3)The resistance of aluminum is approximately h
33、alf again as great as that of copper for the same dimensions.尺寸相同时，铝的电阻约为铜的一倍半。,Translation of Numeral Words,2.数量增加的翻译（3）用带有“增大”意思的动词（increase,rise,grow等）和含有数词的词语配合。句型有：“动词+n times”，“动词+by+n times”，“动词+to+n times”，“动词+n-fold”，“动词+by a factor of+n”，可译成“增加到n倍”，“增加了（n-1）倍”；“（by）n+单位（或n%）”表示净增量，数词可照译。1)
34、The production has increased three times.生产增加了两倍。,Translation of Numeral Words,2.数量增加的翻译2)The strength of the attraction increases by four times if the distance between the original charges is behalved.如果原电荷的距离缩短一半，则引力就增大到原来的4倍。3)This year,the production of this kind of machine in our plant is estim
35、ated to increase to 3 times compared with 1980.今年我厂这种机器的产量预计比1980年增长2倍。,Translation of Numeral Words,2.数量增加的翻译4)Since the first transatlantic telephone cable was laid the annual total of telephone calls between UK and Canada has increased sevenfold.自从第一条横跨大西洋的电话电缆敷设以来，英国与加拿大之间的年通话量增加了六倍。5)If X is do
36、ubled,Y is increased by a factor of 4.若X增加到两倍，则Y增加到四倍。6)Automation will help us to raise the output of production by thirty percent.自动化能帮助我们提高产量30%。,Translation of Numeral Words,2.数量增加的翻译（4）用表示倍数的动词表示的量的增加。例如，double可译成“增加一倍”，“翻一番”，“是二倍”；treble 可译成“增加两倍”，“增加到三倍”；quadruple可译成“增加三倍”，“翻两番”。1)As the high
37、 voltage was abruptly trebled all the values burnt.由于高压突然增加了两倍，管子都烧坏了。2)The new airport will double the capacity of the existing one.新机场是现有机场容量的2倍。,Translation of Numeral Words,3.数量减少的翻译（1）用带有“减少”意思的动词和含有数词的词语配合。句型有：“动词+n times”，“动词+by+n times”，“n times as+形容词或副词+as”，“动词+by a factor of+n”，可译成“减少了n分之
38、（n-1）倍”，“减少到n分之一”。汉语的分母不习惯用小数，若英语减少的倍数中有小数点时，应换算成分数。1)The pre-heating time for the new type thermal meter is shortened 5 times.这种新型热电式仪表的预热时间缩短4/5。,Translation of Numeral Words,3.数量减少的翻译（1）用带有“减少”意思的动词和含有数词的词语配合。2)The new equipment will reduce the error probability by seven times.新设备的误差概率将降低七分之六。3)T
39、he leads of the new condenser are shortened three times as long as those of the old.新型电容器的导线比旧式电容器的导线缩短了三分之一。,Translation of Numeral Words,3.数量减少的翻译（1）用带有“减少”意思的动词和含有数词的词语配合。4)Tests indicate this might reduce activity by a factor between 10 and 100.测试结果表明，这可将放射性降低到原来的1/101/100。,Translation of Numera
40、l Words,3.数量减少的翻译（2）用表示“减少”的动词连接“by n(或n%)”以及连系动词连接“n less(than)”，表示净减量，所减数字可照译。1)The bandwidth was reduced by two-thirds.频带宽度减少了三分之二。2)The prime cost decreased by sixty percent.主要成本降低了60%。,Translation of Numeral Words,3.数量减少的翻译（3）英语中用表示“减少”的动词连接“to+n(或n%)”表示“减少到n（或n%）”。1)The pressure will be reduce
41、d to one-fourth of its original value.压力将减小到原来数值的四分之一。2)The pollution was reduced to 25%.污染减少到了25%。,Translation of Numeral Words,3.数量减少的翻译（3）英语中用表示“减少”的动词连接“to+n(或n%)”表示“减少到n（或n%）”。3)By the year 2003 the worlds annual oil output is expected to fall to 33%.到2003年，世界石油年产量预计将下降到33%。,Translation of Numeral Words,3.数量减少的翻译（4）句型：“half as much as”、“twice less than”，可译成“比少一半”或“比少二分之一”。1)The power output of the machine is twice less than its input.该机器的输出功率比输入功率小二分之一。2)The line AB is half as long as the line CD.AB线比CD线短一半。,Chapter 6End,
