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1、Unit Eight,Joining Sentences Together(II),Unit Objectives,Subordination Outline,Part I Warm-up activities,Mary likes that shop very much.Mary goes to that shop almost every week.Mary likes that shop very much,she goes to that shop almost every week.Mary likes that shop very much,she goes to that sho
2、p almost every week.Mary goes to that shop almost every week she likes that shop very much.,and,so,because,Tony is very gifted in music.Tony chose to major in accounting.,Tony is very gifted in music,he chose to major in accounting.Tony is very gifted in music,he chose to major in accounting.Tony,is
3、 very gifted in music,chose to major in accounting.Tony,chose to major in accounting,is very gifted in music.,but,Although,who,who,She was his wife.She stayed at a hotel.,she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his
4、wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.she was his wife,she stayed at a hotel.,Although,Because,Before,Until,After,While,Whenever,Similarity and difference between,coordination and subordination:Similarity:Both of them can be used to
5、combine two clauses into one sentence.Difference:The two clauses in coordinate sentences can be used independently because either of their meanings is complete.However,in subordination,only one clause keeps a complete meaning and can be used independently.,Classroom activities p.115,That kingdom was
6、 small but rich,and everybody there lived happily.In that kingdom,which was small but rich,everybody lived happily.That kingdom,in which everybody lived happily,was small but rich.2)Red roses are used to symbolize love,and many people buy them on Lovers day.As red roses are used to symbolize love,ma
7、ny people buy them on Lovers day.,大家应该也有点累了，稍作休息,大家有疑问的，可以询问和交流,3)Manchester United has played very well since last November,so/and many young people admire its members.Many young people admire the members of Manchester United because it has played very well since last November.4)Till now only a sma
8、ll number of Americans have realized the American dream,but most people still hold the belief to be true.Although till now only a small number of Americans have realized the American dream,most people still hold the belief to be true.,5)He was very experienced in selling optional products,but/yet he
9、 was turned down by that spectacles company.Though he was very experienced in selling optional products,but/yet he was turned down by that spectacles company.,Types of subordination,1)Nominal subordinationnoun clauses2)Adjective subordinationattributive clauses3)Adverbial subordinationAdverbial clau
10、ses,1)Nominal subordination noun clauses,A noun clause can be functioned as a noun in the sentence.e.g.His suggestion sounds reasonable.What he has suggested sounds reasonable.We appreciate his suggestion.We appreciate what he has suggested.This is his suggestion.This is what he has suggested.He res
11、ented her suggestion,doing it again.He resented her suggestion that he do it again.,Subject,Object,Predicative,Appositive,A noun clause can be a,A.Subject clauseB.Object clauseC.Predicative clauseD.Appositive clause,Subject clause,When a clause is used as the subject of the sentence,it is a subject
12、clause.1)introduced by THAT2)introduced by WHAT3)introduced by other WH-word,1)introduced by THAT,Join the following two sentences together.Liu Jin is the top leader in our college.It is known to all of us.That Liu Jin is the top leader in our college is known to all of us.It is known to all of us t
13、hat Liu Jin is the top leader in our college.,2)introduced by WHAT,Join the following two sentences together.He has said a lot in the meeting.All are sheer nonsense.All that he has said in the meeting are sheer nonsense.What he has said in the meeting is sheer nonsense.,3)introduced by other WH-word
14、,Join the following two sentences together.When will she go home?It is not certain.When she will go home is not certain.It is not certain when she will go home.Will she go back home?It is not decided.Whether she will go home or not is not decided.It is not decided whether she will go home or not.,Ob
15、ject clause,He advised.We consider rightCan you tell us?Are you aware?I have never seen the house but I have an idea of.Im not sure.,that she(should)be patient,it,that she should,be patient.,what has happened,how much the fine for this is,what it is like,whether youd like it,Predicative clause,It se
16、ems.What surprised me most was.Thats.What is troubling us is.Things are not.You look.,that it is going to rain,that he spoke English so well,why housework is so heavy,where we can find it,as they seem to be,as if/as though you didnt care,Appositive clause,名词从句作同位语,所修饰的名词短语的中心词通常都是概括性的抽象名词,且很少为复数,通常带
17、冠词。这类词常见的有:fact,idea,opinion,belief,evidence,proof,reason,argument,thought,statement,theory,principle,law,truth,possibility,question,doubt,assumption,hypothesis,prediction,conclusion,report,story,hope,advantage,disadvantage,requirement,suggestion,news,rumour,problem,order,information,knowledge 等。,名词
18、从句作同位语一般由连词 that,wh-疑问词或名词性关系词引导。,that 在引导名词从句作同位语时,它在从句中只起连接作用,不充当句子成分,也没有任何词义。e.g.The very fact that land-use issues were so visible throughout the west meant that people were working hard to keep them before the public.The news that we are invited to the conference is very encouraging.,2.wh-疑问词引导
19、有少数名词,如 question,problem,idea,doubt 等,后面可以跟由 wh-疑问词引导的名词从句作同位语。限制性同位语从句之前常有介词 of。例如:My original question,why he did it at all,has not been answered.。You can have no idea of how anxious we have been.There is no doubt as to whether the document is genuine.,2)Adjective subordination attributive clauses
20、/relative clauses,Restrictive relative clauseNon-restrictive relative clause,Restrictive relative clause,Any boy who wants to can come tonight.A day was set when he should be put on trial.Here is the man who they claimed was knocked down by a car.I have no money that I can spare.I know the girl whom
21、 he is talking to.,Non-restrictive relative clause,My cousin,who is an engineer,went to Europe last week.He met Mary,who invited him to a party/and Mary invited him to a party.I passed him a glass of water,which he drank immediately/and he drank it immediately.The 8:15 train,which is usually very pu
22、nctual,was late./The 8:15 train was late,though it is usually very punctual.,3)Adverbial subordination Adverbial clauses,Adverbial clause of timeAdverbial clause of placeAdverbial clause of mannerAdverbial clause of purposeAdverbial clause of reasonAdverbial clause of resultAdverbial clause of compa
23、risonAdverbial clause of concession,Adverbial clause of time,Adverbial clauses of time are often introduced byafter,immediately,tilluntil,as,no soonerthan,when,as soon as,since,whenever,before,while,hardlywhen,the minute，the moment Ill stay till you get back Before he arrives Ill give the children t
24、heir tea The momentAs soon as I have finished Ill give you a callTheyve moved house twice since they got marriedSince they got married，theyve moved house twice,Adverbial clause of place,Adverbial clause of place are often introduced by“where,wherever“.e.g.You should put the book where it was.He live
25、s where the climate is mild.Wherever they went,they were warmly welcomed.Wherever you go,I go too.,Adverbial clause of purpose,Ships carry lifeboats so that the crew can escape if the ship sinks They wrote the notices in several languages so that foreign tourists could（=would be able to）understand t
26、hem He wrote his diary in code so that his wife wouldnt be able to read it,Adverbial clause of reason,1)introduced by asbecausesince：We camped there asbecausesince it was too dark to go on AsBecauseSince it was too dark to go on，we camped there 2)introduced by in view of the fact that,which can be r
27、eplaced by assinceseeing that,not by because：AsSinceSeeing that you are here，you may as well give me a hand AsSinceSeeing that Tom knows French，hed better do the talking,Adverbial clause of concession,Introduced by：although，though，even though，even if，no matter，however,whatever,as。AlthoughThoughEven
28、thoughEven if you dont like him you can still be polite However rich people are，they always seem anxious to make more money Whatever you do，dont tell him that I told you this.Patient as he was，he had no intention of waiting for three hours,Adverbial clause of comparison,Its darker today than it was
29、yesterday He doesnt pay as much tax as we doas us He spends more than he earns He didnt play as well as we expectedas well as you（did）You work harder than he doesthan himthan I did at your ageBuying a new one is sometimes as cheap as repairing the old one,OUTLINING,Of course,there are many different
30、 ways to develop a theme.One excellent way is to outline the theme first.There are two main kinds of outlines:topic outlines and sentence outlines.In a topic outline each item is a key word,or perhaps several words,that will help you to recall an idea.In a sentence outline each item is a complete se
31、ntence stating an idea.Both kinds of outlines are useful.,Samples of Outlines,Directions:High school students who,after graduation,would like to continue their education are frequently faced with many problems in financing college training.Please give out the problems and ways to solve the problems
32、you may think of.And then,write two outlines,one is a sentence outline and the other is a topic outline for an essay or theme.,A SENTENCE OUTLINE,I.Many high school students must face the problem of financing a college education.A.There is little free education at the college level.B.Tuition charges
33、 are likely to be high.C.Living away from home is expensive.II.There are ways of helping to finance ones own education.A.Scholarships are available in certain cases.B.The college will lend money to worthy students.C.A student may work at a job while attending school.1.He may hold a part-time job off
34、 campus.2.He may assist a professor in one of several ways.a.He may assist in a laboratory.b.He may work in the library.c.He may perform routine office duties.3.Other school jobs are available.a.A student may help to prepare or serve meals.b.He may work in a college store.,A TOPIC OUTLINE,I.Problems
35、 of financing college educationA.Little free education at college levelB.TuitionC.Living away from home II.Ways of financing ones educationA.ScholarshipsB.College loan fundsC.Work 1.Outside college 2.For professorsa.Assisting in laboratoryb.Working in libraryc.Performing office duties 3.Other school
36、 jobs a.Preparing and serving mealsb.Working in college store,GUIDES FOR OUTLINING,1.Alternate numbers and letters for the points of your outline.a)Use Roman numerals to indicate main topics.b)Use capital letters for the subpoints under each main topics.c)Use Arabic numerals for the details under th
37、e capital letters.d)Use small letters for the details under the Arabic numerals.,2.Use a period after each division number or letter.3.Capitalize the first word of each point.4.Place no periods after the points in a topic outline.5.Use the same grammatical construction throughout an outline.Do not m
38、ix sentences and topics in the same outline.6.For any point,make at least two subdivisions or none,since you cannot divide anything into fewer than two parts.7.Begin each new division number or letter directly under the first letter of the first word of the point to which it is a subpoint.You should
39、 be able to draw a straight line through the periods after all Roman numerals,another through those after the capital letters,and so on.,NUMBERS,LETTERS AND INDENTION IN OUTLINE FORM,I.A.B.1.2.a.b.(1)(2)(a)(b)II.A.B.1.2.,In the example below,both main topics and subtopics are incorrectly worded in m
40、ixed forms.PREPARING FOR A CAREER IN SCIENCEI.There are two kinds of science.A.Working in pure science B.Applied science II.Personality A.A good scholar1.General aptitude 2.Has special skills B.Curiosity C.Enthusiastic III.Academic training of the science student A.Courses high school B.College cour
41、ses C.Extracurricular activities,sentence,gerund phrase,noun and modifier,noun,noun and modifiers,noun and modifiers,verb,noun,and modifier,noun,adjective,noun and modifiers,noun with a prepositional phrase,noun and modifier,noun and modifier,PREPARING FOR A CAREER IN SCIENCEI.Basic types of science
42、 careersA.Pure scienceB.Applied scienceII.Personal characteristics of the science studentA.Scholarship 1.General aptitude 2.Special skillsB.CuriosityC.EnthusiasmIII.Academic training of the science student A.High school courses B.College courses C.Extracurricular activities,Part V Follow-up Exercise
43、s,P.130 Ex 1That you have to teach the same textbook year after year doesnt mean you have to teach it in the same way year after year.I doubt that this machine can greatly improve your listening ability within a week.,3)Whether the chicken appeared before the egg or the other way round is a question
44、 that has puzzled people for a long time.4)They still cannot find out why the professor failed them in the exam.5)What has been troubling me is whether universities should simply serve as career training places.,p.131.Ex.2,Unless you go with me,otherwise I will not go.What Id like you explain is tha
45、t you failed.He walks as if he were drunk.He walks as if he is drunk.4)Whether he succeeds or fail,he has to do his best.5)Take an umbrella with you in case it rained.,I will not go unless you go with me.,What Id like you explain is why you failed.,He is not drunk,He may be drunk,Whether he succeeds
46、 or fails,he has to do his best.,Take an umbrella with you in case it rains.,p.131 Ex.3,Although very common about five years ago,beepers have almost disappeared now.If having tried harder,you might have persuaded your boss to postpone the deadlines for your project.When studying in the States,she u
47、sed to take every chance to travel.If produced on the same assembly line,these products probably have the same quality.After working for four hours without stop,Tom appeared exhausted.,p.131.Ex.4,The tired hikers slept for almost ten hours in the trail shelter.Then Rick woke up and hurried out of hi
48、s cot when,looking out of the corner of his eye,he saw a black spider.At this point,his brother Hal woke up with a start and sneezed several times.Because Hal was coming down with a cold,Rick agreed to prepare the breakfast.He first fetched a canteen of orange juice which had cooled overnight from a
49、 nearby stream.Next,he started a fire and set about boiling water for coffee and frying up some bacon and eggs.Meanwhile,Hal,wearing a heavy sweatshirt and gloves,sniffled,sipped some orange juice,and waited by the fire for a cup of coffee.After both had eaten,Rick was ready to plan another days hiking.But Hal was interested only in hiking to the nearby highway,to the bus that could drop him a block from his house.,
