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1、小升初语法总复习汇总,1,一、名词,名词（表示人和事物名称的词）,专有名词,普通名词,特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。e.g.Jim Green，New York，Bank of China，Peking University星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。,个体名词 表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student,desk集体名词 表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：class,family 物质名词 表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water,rice,sand，hair抽象名词 表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love，carelessness,个体名词和
2、集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式；物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。,2,英语语法中，只有可数名词才有复数形式。名词有两种数的形式：1）单数（表示一个人或事物）；2）复数（表示多于一个的人或数）。,名词的数：,3,名词复数形式的构成,4,不规则名词的复数,由元音字母的变化构成：man-men,tooth-teeth,foot-feet,mouse-mice,woman-women2.有些名词的复数形式与单数的形式一样：Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish有些名词变成复数时加-en:child-child
3、ren,ox-oxen,5,Practise,peach_ 2.zoo _3.glass _4.fox _5.lady _6.policewoman _7.house _8.photo _9.monkey _10.wife _11.rose _12.path _13.judge _14.map _,peaches,zoos,glasses,foxes,ladies,policewomen,houses,photos,monkeys,wives,roses,paths,judges,maps,6,二、人称代词和物主代,主格一般用在句子前面，宾格用在动词后面，I am Li Le.Call me
4、le le.形容词性物主代词指“某人的什么”，my book(我的书),your puppy.(你的小狗)名词性人称代词指什么是“某人的”This book is mine.(这本书是我的),7,所有格,所有格的形式单数人称名词末尾加 schild-childs以-s结尾的单数人称名词末尾加s waitress-waitresss不规则的复数人称名词末尾加schildren-childrens以-s结尾的复数人称名词末尾加girls-girls,下列情况一般用“of”结构：东西:the book of the film2.东西的一部分:the bottom of the box3.抽象的概念:
5、the price of success4.当of短语中的名词被另一个短语或从句修饰时：Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?,双重,8,s结构也可以用于“of”结构之后，如：a friend of my fathers,出现这种情况是因为在一个名词前通常只用一个限定词，又如：this son of mine,a friend of yours,a cousin of hers等等。Isnt Frank a friend of yours?That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Jok
6、e five times.,9,冠词,不定冠词a,an,定冠词the,只能用于单数可数名词之前,单数可数名词复数可数名词不可数名词,零冠词,名词前可不用冠词,10,不定冠词的用法：表示“一”，“任何一个”或“不管哪一个”的意思。I have a sister and two brothers.2.在某些度量表示法中：We have PE lessons three times a week.3.用在单数的表语名词前，以表示职业、行业、宗教、等级等。George wants to be an engineer.4.在以what引导的感叹句中，单数的可数名词前。What a pretty girl
7、!5.一些常用短语中。have a good time,half an hour,have a headache.,11,定冠词的用法：用来表示“独一无二”的意思。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.2.表示“说话的人刚刚提到过的人或事物”。There is a boat in the river.The boat is made of wood.3.用在后面跟有限定性介词短语的名词前。the letter from America,the fourteenth of April4.用在泛指的乐器名词前。He plays the pia
8、no.5.一些常用短语。by the way,in the morning,Whats the matter?,12,零冠词的用法：泛指的抽象名词前。Life is very hard for some people.2.泛指的物质名词前。Water is very useful.3.泛指的复数名词前。Books are my best friends.4.泛指的“餐”名前。Come to have dinner/breakfast with me.5.大多数的专有名词前。He comes from France.6.语言的名词前。She can speak French.7.在季节和节日的名
9、词前。Winter is the best time for skating.8.当名词前已有一些代词修饰时。My brother is a soldier.9.在体育项目的名词前。play basketball10.一些常用短语。at home,go to school,at night,13,四、动词,动词主要表示动作，其次表示状态或性质，有时态、语态、语气等形式的变化。,小学阶段所涉及的动词主要有：实义动词、be动词、情态动词can,must等。,14,Be动词,am,is,are,was,were,will be,15,动词的基本形式,16,第三人称单数现在式,动词be和have的第三
10、人称单数现在式分别是is和has。,17,动词的过去式,18,现在分词,19,五、动词的时态,动词时态是表示动作或状态发生或存在的时间和表示方式的一种动词形式。,小升初要求的时态：一般现在时：work/works2.现在进行时：am/is/are working3.一般过去时：worked4.一般将来时：am/is/are going to work5.过去进行时：was/were+doing,20,一般现在时基本用法介绍 一般现在时的功能1.表示事物或人物的特征、状态。如：The sky is blue.天空是蓝色的。2.表示经常性或习惯性的动作。常与时间副词连用：always,often,
11、usually,every,on Sundays,twice a week等。如：I get up at six every day.我天天六点起床。3.表示客观现实。如：The earth goes around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。,一般现在时,21,一般现在时,基本结构,22,现在进行时,通常表示说话时或现阶段正在发生或进行着的动作。它所表示的动作具有持续性、暂时性和未完成性。常见的与现在进行时有关的词有：now,these days,look,listen等。,基本结构,23,一般过去时,通常表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，其中也包括习惯性动作。常与表示过去的时间
12、状语连用：yesterday,last,ago,just now,in 1998等。,基本结构,24,一般将来时,表示将来发生的动作或情况。常与一些表示将来的时间状语连用：tomorrow,next,Be going to do表示主体现在打算在最近或将来要做某事；也可以表示“预见”，即现在已有迹象表明将要发生或即将发生某种情况。,基本结构,25,六、介词,介词在句子中表示名词或代词等与其他词之间的关系。不能单独作句子成分，常位于名词或代词（或与之相当的其他词类、短语、从句）前面构成介词短语。介词后面的成分作介词的宾语。,方位介词,in,on,at,under,to,behind,beside
13、,near,before,in front of,next to,between,时间介词,in,on,at,after,before,fromto,past,between,其它,of,by,with,into,out of,for,26,六、数词,表示数目的词称为基数词表示数目顺序的词称为序数词,112的基数词：one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve1319的基数词：thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen2090的基数词：
14、twenty,thirty,forty,fifty,sixty,seventy,eighty,ninety2129的基数：twenty-one,twenty-two,twenty-three,twenty-four,twenty-five,twenty-six,twenty-seven,twenty-eight,twenty-nine thirty-nine,forty-eight,fifty-seven.,-teen,-ty,十位数和个位数之间要加连字符号“-”,27,2.百位数：one hundred,two hundred,three hundred,four hundredfive h
15、undred and eight-six,six hundred and ninety-nine,seven hundred and eight,eight hundred and one3.千位数：one thousand,four thousand,seven thousand one hundred and five,百位数和十位数之间加and。,注意,英语中没有“万”这个单位，所以常用thousand来表示。,ten thousand,thirty thousand,fifteen thousand one hundred,five hundred and one thousand f
16、our hundred and thirty-two,28,英语序数词第1-19除了first,second与third有特殊形式外，其余的都由基数词加后缀-th构成。注意：fifth,eighth,ninth和twelfth的拼法。2.十位数的序数词的构成方法是：先把十位数的基数词的词尾ty中的y变为i，然后加后缀-eth,如：twentytwentieth,fortyfortieth3.十位数的序数词如果含有1-9的个位数时，十位数用基数词，个位数用序数词，中间用“-”连字符。如：twenty-fourth,ninety-fifth4.百、千、万等的序数词由hundred,thousand
17、,million等加-th,前面加有关的基数词构成。如：one hundredth,one thousandth 注意：序数词前的one不能用a代替。one hundred and twenty-first,29,七、形容词和副词,形容词是用来描写或修饰名词（或代词）的词。,副词是用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句的词。,He is a good student.2.The film is very interesting.3.There is something wrong with the bike.4.Lucy is older than Helen.,The problem is
18、very difficult.2.He wrote the letters carefully.,1.方式副词：carefully,quickly,suddenly 2.地点副词：here,there,up,down3.时间副词：yesterday,today,now4.程度副词：very,quite,much,just,30,形容词和副词的比较级和最高级,31,比较级的用法,1.用来把彼此独立的事和人进行比较，表示“比更一些”的意思，通常用一个由从属连词than引导的状语从句来表示和什么相比。为了避免重复，从句中有些成分可以省略。如：Helen is taller than Lucy.He
19、got more information than I did.He runs faster than I.,2.如果我们要说两个东西在某一方面是一样的，我们就可以用“as+形容词/副词+as”,形容词不用比较级而用原级。在作否定比较时，可以用not asas,not soas,也可以用lessthan，如：Jimmy is as tall as his father.I dont write as/so well as Helen.This film is less interesting than that one.,32,比较级的用法,3.为了表示持续不断的变化，我们可以用“双重比较”的
20、方法，这种结构后面不可跟than引导的比较状语从句。如：He is crying harder and harder.Our country gets more and more beautiful.Computers are getting smaller and smaller,and computing faster and faster.,4.表示两个变化是一起发生的，可以把比较级形式和the一起用，表示“越，就越”的意思。如：The higher the mountain is,the thinner the air is.The earlier you start,the soon
21、er you will be back.,33,七.There be 的结构,肯定句：There is/was a There are/were 一般疑问句:Is/Was there?Yes,there is/was.No,there isnt/was.Are there?Yes,there are/were.No,there arent/werent.否定句：There isnt/wasnt.There arent/werent.,There be表示“存在有”,即当我们告诉某人某事存在(或不存在)常用这种结构。其中there是引导词,本身无词义;be为谓语动词,后面跟的是名词,也就是主语,
22、也就是说there be结构的运用也就是倒装的具体运用。其真正的主语在there be 之后。,34,There be 的结构,Some 和 any 一般情况下，some用于肯定句中，any用于否定句中。如：There is some milk in the bottle.There arent any pictures on the wall.Is there anything new in todays newspaper?,3.特殊疑问句：Whats in the basket?There are some eggs in it.2)How many students are there
23、 in your class?There are fifty students.,2.Be动词与后面所跟名词的就近原则：There is a pen and two pencils in the box.There are some students and a teacher in the classroom.,35,“Wh”的疑问句,What1)Whats this/that?2)Whats your name?3)What are you doing?4)What do you like/need?5)What did you do?6)What is his job?7)What do
24、 you usually do at the weekends?8)What are you going to do?9)What colour is it?10)Whats the weather like?11)What time is it?Whats the time?12)What day is it?Whats the date?13)What would you like?13)What can you see?14)What subjects do you have this term?15)What lessons do you have in the morning?,36
25、,“Wh”的疑问句,2.How 1)How are you?2)How old are you?3)How do we go to the park?4)How many apples can you see?5)How much are they?6)How about?7)How do you spend your weekends?8)How far?How long?How often?,3.Who Who is that?Whos that boy in/with?,37,“Wh”的疑问句,4.Whose 1)Whose is this bike?2)Whose bike is th
26、is?3)Whose bag is bigger,yours or mine?,5.Which 1)Which one?2)Which is longer,yours or mine?3)Which season do you like best?,6.Where 1)Where is the book?2)Where are you from?,7.Why Why?,38,Tom visits the Science Museum every year.2.The building near the factory is the Peoples hospital.3.Jack did wel
27、l in maths.4.Its cloudy today.5.My mother is over 40 years old.6.I usually take No.4 bus to work.7.We have a class meeting once a week.,What does Tom visit every year?,Which building is the Peoples hospital?,How did Jack do in maths?,Whats the weather like today?,How old is your mother?,Which bus do
28、 you usually take to work?,How often do you have a class meeting?,Practise,39,8.The coat is 388 yuan.9.Uncle Wang feels better now.10.He goes to school by bus.11.They are cleaning their classroom now.12.They are on the lake.13.Xiao Wang is looking for his teacher.14.Toms mother is a music teacher.15.I go to work at eight.,How much is the coat?,How does Uncle Wang feel now?,How does he go to school?,What are they doing now?,Where are they?,Who is Xiao Wang looking for?,What is Toms mothers job?/What does Toms mother do?,What time do you go to work?,Practise,40,
