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1、Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis,Tang QizhuTel:88041911-6604 Email:qizhutyahoo,Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University,Difinition,Cardiomyopathy is a serious disease in which the heart muscle becomes inflamed and doesnt work as well as it shouldIt can be classified as primary or secondary.Primary cardiomy
2、opathy cant be attributed to a specific cause,such as high blood pressure,heart valve disease,artery diseases or congenital heart defects.Secondary cardiomyopathy is due to specific causes,Clasification(2019 WHO/ISFC),There are fourmain types:Dilated cardiomyopathyHypertrophic cardiomyopathyRestrict
3、ive cardiomyopathyArrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia,Dilated cardiomyopathy,This type of cardiomyopathy is characterized by a dilatation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles,Importances,The incidence and prevalence of cardiomyopathy appears to be increasing.The reported in
4、cidence is 0.013-0.084%Cardiomyopathy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality among the worlds aging population Sex:men/women is 2.5/1 Age:All age groups are affected.However,studies suggest that 50%of patients with new onset of disease are younger than 2 years,CAUSES,Cardiomyopathies have
5、many causes,including nutritional deficiencies,deposits in the heart muscle associated with medical conditions,anemia,stress,viral infections,alcoholism,coronary artery disease,and othersThere is no identifiable cause,although it is suspected to be an end stage of myocarditis,SYMPTOMS,Symptoms often
6、 develop gradually and usually include symptoms of right heart failure and/or left heart failureBecause the body compensates for dilated cardiomyopathy,the disease may have no symptoms initially.As the condition worsens,the heart may perform normally when a person is resting,but may cause symptoms d
7、uring periods of exercise or psychological stress,symptoms,fatigue shortness of breath on exertion,orthopnea(breathing difficulty when lying down),waking up at night short of breath swelling of the anklesexcessive urination at nightirregular heartbeat(palpitations-a feeling of racing or skipping of
8、the heart)decreased urine output(may not include at night),DIAGNOSIS,A physician diagnoses dilated cardiomyopathy after a physical examinationcheck for shortness of breath during exercise and weaknessThe physician may also hear rales,or wet crackles,through a stethoscope,indicating fluid in the lung
9、s,Neck and Lungs,Jugular venous distention(as an estimate of central venous pressure)Hepatojugular refluxLarge cv wave(observed with tricuspid regurgitation)Crackles(pulmonary rales)Signs of pleural effusion may be noted,Inspection and palpation,Palpate for heaves,shifted point of maximal impulse,an
10、d cardiomegaly(broad and displaced point of maximal impulse,right ventricular heave).The normal apical impulse should be approximately the size of a quarter and should be located in one(fourth or fifth)intercostal space.The apical impulse is normally within 10 cm of the midsternal line,Auscultation,
11、Murmurs(with appropriate maneuvers),tachycardia,S2 at the base(paradoxical splitting,prominent P2),S3,and S4 may be notedAn irregularly irregular rhythm(atrial fibrillation)may be notedGallops are almost always present in persons with DCM,Abdomen and others,Percussion and palpation of the liver may
12、reveal hepatomegaly due to elevated venous pressure,infiltrative disease,hepatojugular reflux,or ascites Observe for cardiac cachexia,peripheral edema,cyanosis,and clubbing,TESTS FOR DETECTION,To confirm the diagnosis,the physician may order tests,including:Blood tests;Chest x ray;Echocardiogram;Ele
13、ctrocardiography(ECG)Cardiac catheterization and angiography,X-ray,This very large heart has a globoid shape because all of the chambers are dilated.It felt very flabby,and the myocardium was poorly contractile,Doppler Echo,Marked dilation of the left ventricle with global hypokinesia is the hallmar
14、k of the disease.Left ventricular ejection fraction 50%.Left ventricular walls are thin and areas of dyskinesis may be observed.The left atrium is also dilated.varying degrees of mitral regurgitation,Electrocardiogram,ECG changes are usually nonspecificLow voltage complexes Presence of Q waves and i
15、nversion of T waves in leads I,II,aVL,and V4 through V6(anterolateral infarction pattern)Significant arrhythmia,Myocardial biopsy,The number of biopsy specimens collected should be limited to the minimum required(usually 4-8)Myocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis without lymphocytic infiltrate,TREATMENTS,
16、Hospitalization may be required of patients when symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy are severe.Treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy is focused on relief of symptoms,just as is for other types of cardiomyopathy,and is essentially the same as the treatment of heart failure,Medications,Medications may
17、include digitalis,Angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)inhibitors,Anticoagulants,Beta-blockers,Calcium channel blockers,Vasodilators,diuretics,nutritional supplements,or other cardiac medications,Surgical Care,A heart transplant may be considered if heart function is very poor,Diet and others,A low-sal
18、t diet may be recommended to patients and fluid intake may be restricted in some cases.Physical activity may be restricted as symptoms progress Smoking and alcohol cessation recommendations may be given,because these habits make symptom of dilated cardiomyopathy worse,COMPLICATIONS,Congestive heart
19、failureCardiac arrhythmias,including lethal arrhythmiasPulmonary(lung)edemaTotal failure of the heart to function(circulatory collapse)Side effects of medications,including low blood pressure(hypotension),light headedness,fainting,lupus reaction,headache,GI upset,and digitalis toxicity,HYPERTROPHIC
20、CARDIOMYOPATHY,Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a primary cardiac disease characterized by an inappropriate myocardial hypertrophy,which occurs in the absence of an obvious hemodynamic load such as aortic stenosis or systemic hypertension,HISTORY AND OTHER NAMES,Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy was first r
21、ecognised in the late 1950s.The condition has been known by a number of names including Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy(HOCM),Idiopathic Hypertrophic Sub-aortic Stenosis(IHSS)and Muscular Sub-aortic Stenosis.The general term Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy(HCM)is now most widely used,THE CAUSE,T
22、he cause of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy is not yet known.In the majority of cases the condition is inherited.In others there is either no evidence of inheritance or there is insufficient information about the individuals family to assess inheritance.In affected families the condition usually passes
23、from one generation to the next and generations are not skipped,A Family Tree,NEW DISCOVERIES,Recently research has identified abnormalities in at least 6 related genes that are important in the development of heart muscle cells.In approximately 50-60%of families,affected individuals are found to ha
24、ve a mutation in the gene for myosin,troponin T,alpha tropomyosin,cardiac myosin binding protein-C,or the essential and regulatory light chains.These are important proteins for the contraction of the heart,pathology,an excessive thickening of the muscle.Abnormal myocardial fiber arrangement which in
25、terferes with the proper diastolic sequence of relaxation.Abnormal myocardial calcium ion handling resulting in high cellular calcium ion concentration in the region of myofibrillar contractile proteins and delayed re-uptake of calcium ion by the sarcoplasmic reticulum resulting in prolonged relaxat
26、ion.Ischemia.Myocardial fibrosis,LEFT VENTRICULAR OUTFLOW TRACT(LVOT)OBSTRUCTION,Approximately 25%of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy manifest variable degree of LVOT obstruction.In some,the obstruction or gradient is absent at rest but this can be provoked by exercise or other physiologic
27、or pharmacologic means,mechanism of LVOT obstruction Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy,mechanism of LVOT obstruction Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy with Obstruction,The mechanism of LVOT obstruction,The thick upper septum protrudes in the LVOT reducing the orifice size.Blood flowing through this narrowed
28、 LVOT causes a Venturi(suction)effect which draws the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve towards the septum,further reducing the LVOT orifice size.Simultaneously,as a result of systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve(SAM),there is functional mitral regurgitation,symptom,dyspnea:Shortness of
29、 breath Exercise capacity may be limited by breathlessness and fatigue Chest pain pain may occur at rest or during sleep and may persist PalpitationSyncopy/dizziness Sudden death,PHYSICAL EXAMINATION,The systolic murmur is characteristically crescendo-decrescendo and starts a little after the onset
30、of S1.It is best heard at the left lower sternal border and radiates to the base,but unlike systolic murmur of valvular aortic stenosis,it does not radiate to the carotids.,murmur,The intensity of the murmur can be varied by various physiologic and pharmacologic interventions.Tthe murmur(and gradien
31、t)can be intensified by decreasing preload(decrease venous return)by abrupt assumption of upright posture or by Valsalvas maneuver.The murmur intensity can be diminished by increasing afterload(squatting),or by increasing preload(leg raising in supine position)The murmur of mitral regurgitation is p
32、rominent in the apical region and shows the same directional changes in response to the interventions noted above,Electrocardiogram or ECG,Main features include left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH)pattern and the presence of prominent Q waves which resemble Q waves of myocardial infarction(pseudo-infar
33、ction pattern).Ambulatory electrocardiogram may reveal atrial and ventricular arrhythmias including non-sustained ventricular tachycardia(NSVT),Echocardiogram or ECHO,include hypertrophic walls,ASH,and septal wall to posterior wall ratio of 1.3:1.In patients with HOCM,there is presence of SAM.Left v
34、entricular chamber is normal or small;left atrium may be enlarged.Color Doppler studies provide additional hemodynamic information,Cardiac Catheterisation,shows a gradient between the main left ventricular chamber and the subaortic chamber proximal to the obstruction.This pull back tracing different
35、iates obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy from aortic stenosis,Genetic testing,Genetic testing may play an important role in helping doctors rule out other diagnoses.For example,in patients who have a small increase in wall thickness(like trained athletes with ventricular hypertrophy),and some p
36、atients with constant high blood pressure who are thought to have HCM,TREATMENT,Drug TreatmentDrug treatment or medication is primarily given when a person has some or all of the symptoms described earlier Alcohol Septal Ablation A catheterization is performed,alcohol is injected into the septum thr
37、ough a small coronary artery.This causes a controlled myocardial infarction Pacemaker dual chambered pacing would relieve obstruction,eliminate most symptoms and thin the walls of the heart Surgeryre moving a small amount of muscle from the ventricular wall,Drug Treatment,Beta-Blockers These drugs r
38、educe heart rate,decrease myocardial contractility,prolong diastolic filling time and possess anti-arrhythmic properties especially against exercise-induced arrhythmias Calcium Antagonists Anti-Arrhythmic DrugsAnticoagulantsDiureticsAntibiotics,Dual Chamber Pacemaker,It is believed that pacemaker th
39、erapy alters the sequence of contraction which reduces LVOT gradient and improves symptoms Long term benefits,however,are questionable,Restrictive cardiomyopathy,It is a disorder of the heart muscle in which the walls of the ventricles become stiff,but not necessarily thickened,such that they resist
40、 normal filling with blood.There is no cure.Treatment aims to ameliorate symptoms caused by the backup of blood into the lungs and veins of the neck and liver,Symptoms,Patients with RCM present with signs and/or symptoms of heart failure such as fatigue,shortness of breath,tissue swelling(oedema)and
41、 abdominal enlargement Up to a third of patients may present with an embolic complication.Abnormal heart rhythms and palpitations are common whatever the underlying cause of the disease,diagnosis,The diagnosis of RCM is usually based a physical examination,an electrocardiogram(ECG)and an echocardiog
42、ram.Magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)can provide additional information about the structure of the heart.In some patients a precise diagnosis may require catheterisation of the heart to measure pressures and to perform a biopsy of the heart muscle(removal and microscopic examination of a specimen),whi
43、ch may enable the doctor to identify the infiltrating substance,Treatment,As the onset of symptoms in RCM is often very insidious,the diagnosis of RCM may be made late in the course of the disease.There is no specific treatment for RCM,and the aims of medical therapy are to improve symptoms of heart
44、 failure,treat cardiac rhythm disturbance and to prevent thromboembolism.Pacemakers are indicated for patients with slow heart rates or heart block,Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia,ARVD is a rare type of cardiomyopathy in which the muscle tissue in the lower-right chamber of the heart(righ
45、t ventricle)dies.The dead muscle tissue is replaced by fatPatients can develop dangerous arrhythmias or even go into cardiac arrest,particularly when under physical or emotional stress.Studies have shown that ARVD is a significant cause of sudden cardiac death among young athletes,Names,Arrhythmogen
46、ic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy(ARVC)Even though this disease has been recognised only recently,These are not formal guidelines for assessment or treatment,Muscle cells become disorganised and are replaced by fibrous and fatty tissue,Patchy involvement of the right ventricle may lead to one or m
47、ore sites of abnormal electrical activity,SYMPTOMS of ARVC,Palpitationlight-headednessfatigueblackout or collapse or syncopesymptoms of heart failure,RHYTHM DISTURBANCES,Ventricular ectopics(VE/VPB/VPC)Ventricular tachycardia(VT)Ventricular fibrillation(VF)Atrial fibrillation(AF)Sudden death,TREATME
48、NT,At present there is no cure for ARVC.Clinical management aims to identity people at risk of complications and then to use prophylactic therapy to try to prevent theseDrug treatment CardioversionAblationImplantable Cardioverter Defibrillator(ICD),myocarditis,Myocarditis is inflammation of heart mu
49、scleMyocarditis can be caused by a variety of conditions such as a virus,sarcoidosis,and immune diseases(such as systemic lupus,etc.),pregnancy,and others.The most common cause of myocarditis is infection of the heart muscle by a virus,Coxsackie B,symptoms of myocarditis,Myocarditis can be mild and
50、cause virtually no noticeable symptoms.When it is more serious,it leads to weakening of the heart muscle.Myocarditis can then cause heart failure(with symptoms of shortness of breath,fatigue,fluid accumulation in the lungs,etc.)as well as heart rhythm irregularities from inflammation and/or scarring
