皮肤病总论课件.ppt

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1、皮肤科总论,湘雅二医院皮肤科 文海泉教授,皮肤病症状学,皮肤性病症状学,皮肤的解剖学、组织学皮肤的解剖学皮肤的组织学皮肤的生理功能皮肤性病的症状学自觉症状他觉症状皮疹检查时注意事项皮肤性病的诊断,皮肤(skin)是人体最大的器官,约占体重的16%,成人的皮肤面积约1.5m2,新生儿约0.21 m2,厚约0.54mm(不包括皮下组织)。The skin is composed of three layer:epidermis(basement membrane zone),dermis,subcutaneous tissue.,The epidermis,the outermost layer,

2、is directly contiguous with the environment.it is formed by an ordered arrangement of cells called keratinocytes,whose basic function is to synthesize keratin,a filamentous protin that serves a protective function.The dermiss principal constituent is the fibrillar structural protein collagen.The sub

3、cutaneous tissue is composed of lobules of lipocytes.,皮肤的组织学,EpidermisBMZDermis Subcutaneous tissue,角质形成细胞(keratinocyte)非角质形成细胞:melanocyteLangerhans cell Merkel cell,表皮构成,表皮(epidermis),表皮分层由内向外分为五层,基底层(stratum basale)又名生发层,仅一层柱状细胞。约50%的基底细胞进入分裂期,产生新的角质形成细胞。基底细胞分裂周期:约14天。棘层(stratum spinosum)410层细胞,细胞

4、多角形,核大而圆,细胞间桥明显呈棘刺状。颗粒层(stratum granulosum)24层梭形细胞,胞浆中有嗜碱性颗粒。透明层(stratum lucidum)掌跖部,23层扁平无核的嗜酸性细胞。角质层(stratum corneum)520层死亡的、无核细胞。,黑素细胞、郎格汉斯细胞、麦格尔氏细胞,黑素细胞(melanocyte)位于基底层、毛囊、黏膜、眼色素层。生成黑色素,保持皮肤、毛发颜色,避免辐射损伤。朗格汉斯细胞(langerhans cell)位于表皮中部及毛囊上皮内。与免疫反应有关。麦格尔氏细胞(Merkle cell)位于基底细胞之间是一种感觉细胞,能感受触觉。,基底膜带(b

5、asement membrane zone),皮肤基底膜带位于表皮与真皮之间,电镜下由胞膜层、透明层、致密层、致密下层组成。,真皮(dermis),构成 胶原纤维、网状纤维、弹力纤维、成纤维细胞、肥大细胞、巨噬细胞、淋巴细胞、皮肤附属器官,分层 乳头层:毛细血管、毛细淋巴管、神经末梢 网状层:血管、淋巴管、神经、皮肤附属器、肌肉,皮下组织(subcutaneous tissue),由疏松结缔组织与脂肪小叶组成,有汗腺、毛囊、血管、淋巴管及神经。,皮肤附属器,hair、sebaceous gland、eccrine gland、apocrine sweat gland、nail,皮肤的生理功能,

6、皮肤具有保护、感觉、调节体温、分泌排泄、吸收、代谢、免疫等功能。,皮肤性病的主要症状,自觉症状(subjective symptoms)病人主观感觉的症状如痒(itching)、痛(pain)、灼热(burning)、蚁行感(formication)、麻木等。他觉症状(cutaneous sign)检查病人所见到或触到的皮肤症状。有原发性损害和继发性损害。,原发性损害(primary lesions),是由皮肤病理变化直接产生的结果。斑疹 斑片(macule patch)丘疹 丘疱疹 斑块(papule papulovesicle plaque)水疱 大疱 脓疱(vesicle、blister

7、,bullae pustule)风团(wheal、hive)结节(nodule)囊肿(cyst)肿瘤 tumor,原发性损害斑疹(macule),斑疹限局性皮肤颜色的改变,不隆起,不凹下。可分为红斑、出血斑、色素减退斑、色素沉着斑。,炎性红斑(inflammatory erythema),非炎性红斑(Non-inflammatory erythema),出血点 瘀点(petechia),出血点 瘀点(petechia),色素沉着斑(Hyperpigmentation),色素脱失斑(depigmentation),色素减退斑(hypopigmentation),斑片与斑疹 斑片系直径大于2cm的

8、斑疹。,斑片(patch),原发性损害丘疹(papule),限局性、隆起性、实质性损害,直径小于1cm。,非炎性丘疹(Non-inflammatory paple),炎性丘疹(inflammatory paple),丘疱疹(papulovesicle),斑块为较大的或多数丘疹融合而成的直径大于1cm的扁平、隆起性损害。,斑块和丘疹,斑块(plaque),原发性损害水疱(vesicle)和大疱(bulla),为高出皮面的、内含液体的限局性、腔隙性损害。直径小于1cm者称小疱。直径大于1cm者称为大疱。,水疱(vesicle),大疱(bulla),脓疱(pustule),血疱(hemorrhagi

9、c bulla),原发性损害风团(wheal),系因真皮浅层水肿所引起的暂时性、限局性隆起性损害。,原发性损害结节(nodule),限局性、实质性损害,深度可达真皮或皮下。,原发性损害囊肿(cyst),为内含液体、粘稠物质和细胞成分的限局性囊性损害。,继发性损害(secondary lesions),由原发损害转变而来,或由于治疗及机械性损伤(如搔抓)所引起。,鳞屑(scale)浸渍(maceration)糜烂(erosion)溃疡(ulser)皲裂(fissure),抓痕(scratch mark)痂(crust)瘢痕(scar)苔藓样变(lichenifucation)萎缩(atrophy

10、),继发性损害鳞屑(scale、exfoliation),为脱落或即将脱落的角质层。,继发性损害浸渍(maceration),为皮肤长期浸水或受潮所致的表皮松软变白、起皱的损害。,为表皮或黏膜上皮的缺损,露出红色湿润面。,继发性损害糜烂(erosion),继发性损害溃疡(ulcer),为皮肤或黏膜深层真皮或皮下组织的限局性缺损。,继发性损害皲裂(fissure、cleft),为皮肤的线条状裂隙,常深达真皮。,继发性损害抓痕(excoriation、scratch marks),为搔抓或摩擦所致的表皮或真皮浅层的点状或线状缺损。,继发性损害痂(crust、scab),是由皮损表面的浆液、脓液、血

11、液、脱落组织及药物等干燥、凝合而成的附着物。,浆痂(crust composed of tissue fluid),脓痂(crust composed of pustular fluid),继发性损害瘢痕(scar),为真皮或真皮以下组织的缺损或破坏,经新生结缔组织修复而成。,继发性损害苔藓样变(lichenification),系因搔抓或摩擦所致的皮肤限局性浸润肥厚、皮沟加深及皮嵴突起。,继发性损害萎缩(atrophy),是皮肤组织一种退行性变所致的皮肤变薄,可发生与表皮、真皮或皮下组织。,皮疹检查时注意事项,检查皮损时光线要亮,温度适当,皮损暴露要充分。视诊时注意:皮疹性质、大小和数目、颜

12、色、边缘及界限、形状、表面、基底、内容、排列、部位与分布触诊时注意:硬度、深浅、温度、压痛等。,皮肤性病学的诊断,病史体格检查常用的实验诊断技术:1皮肤组织病理检查 2真菌学检查 3性病的有关检查:CT、UU、Mh、NG、TP、Hpv、Hsv 4 斑贴试验,皮肤病治疗学,The treatment of skin diseases includes four important parts:Systemic agentsTopical drugs Physical treatmentSurgical treatment,Systemic agents(1),抗组胺药(Antihistamine

13、s)H1H2受体拮抗剂(Antagonists of H1/H2 receptor)两组药物联合治疗慢性荨麻疹等疾病(Combine the two groups to treat some diseases such as chronic urticaria),Systemic agents(2),抗真菌药(Antifungous agents)灰黄霉素(Griseofulvin)酮康唑(Ketoconazol)伊曲康唑(Itraconazole)氟康唑(Fluconazole)特比萘芬(Terbinafine),Systemic agents(3),抗生素(Antibiotics)感染性疾

14、病(Infectious disease)性传播疾病(STD)维生素(Vitamines),Systemic agents(4),抗病毒药(Antivirus)阿昔洛韦、万乃洛韦(Acyclovir,valaciclovir)干扰素(interferon),Systemic agents(5),细胞毒性药(Cytotoxic drugs)免疫抑制(immunosuppressive)抗肿瘤(Anti-tumors)治疗银屑病(treatment of psoriasis),Systemic agents(6),皮质类固醇(Corticosteroid)剂量(Dosage)指征(Indicati

15、ons)副作用(Side effects),Systemic agents(7),维甲酸(Retinoid acid)13顺维甲酸(13-cis-retinoic acid)依曲替酯(Etretinate),Systemic agents(8),非特异性抗过敏药(Non-specific anti-allergic drugs)葡萄糖酸钙(10%cal.Gluconate)硫代硫酸钠(Sodium thiosulfate),Systemic agents(9),氨苯砜(DDS)氯喹(chloroquini)雷公藤多甙,Topical drugs(1),Two elements:Specific

16、 medications base(vehicle),Topical drugs(2)Effects,depend on the effects of specific medications in the topical drugs.,Topical drugs effects,清洁剂(Clearing agents)作用:clearing scales and crusts常用药物:1/8000 p.p solution,2%-4%B.A solution,Topical drugs effects,止痒剂(Antipruritics)清凉(Cooling)局部麻醉(Topical Eth

17、erizing)抗炎(Antiinflammation),Topical drugseffects,保护剂(Protective agents)无刺激(being not irritant)减少摩擦(Reducing rubbing)常用药物:Calamine powder,plant oil,Topical drugseffects,抗菌素(Antiseptics)Antibiotics:四环素软膏(tetracycline ointment)、新霉素软膏(neomycin ointment)、0.4%庆大霉素溶液(gentamycin solution)Chemical drugs:呋喃西

18、林(furacillin)、雷佛奴尔(rivanol solution),Topical drugseffects,抗真菌药(Antifungal agents)Antifungal agents:3%miconazole,2%ketoconazoleChemical agents:5%S.A.5%-10%sulfur,Topical drugseffects,抗病毒药(Antiviral agents)Antiviral agents:penciclovir,acyclovir Chemical agents:酞丁胺(phthiobuzone)、鬼臼毒素(podophyllotoxin),T

19、opical drugseffects,收敛剂(Astringents)减少炎性渗出,促进炎症消退(making the inflammation resolvent and reducing inflammatory ooze)常用药物:0.2-0.5%lead acetate,5%-10%furmalin,Topical drugseffects,角质促成剂(Keratoplastics)促进角化正常(promoting the normal keratinization)常用药物:1%-3%S.A.,0.1%-0.5%dithranol,Topical drugseffects,角质剥脱

20、剂(Keratolytics)exfoliating hyperkeratoses常用药物:5%-10%S.A.,20%urea,0.01%-0.1%ratinoid acid,Topical drugs(3)types,The type of topical drugs is depended on the base.,Topical drugs types,溶液(Solutions)wet dressing常用药物:1/8000 P.P solution,0.4%Gentamycin solution,湿敷,Topical drugstypes,粉剂(Powders)reducing ru

21、bbing and oozing,protection常用药物:Z.O powder,calamine powder,Topical drugstypes,洗剂(Lotions)the effects are similar to those of powders常用药物:Calamine lotion,sulfur lotion,摇匀后的洗剂,Topical drugstypes,酊剂和醑剂(Tinctures and spirits)antimicrobial and antipruritic常用药物:2%Iodine tincture,30%补骨酯酊(tinctura psoraleae

22、),5%柳酸醑(spirit salicylic acid),Topical drugstypes,油剂(Oils)protecting,clearing,moisten and antipruritics常用药物:40%Z.O.oil,Topical drugstypes,软膏(Ointment)concentration of specific drug is less than 20%in base.Forming an oil film on the skin surface.常用药物:5%S.A.oint.,10%B.A.oint.,Topical drugstypes,糊剂(Pas

23、tes)concentration of specific drug is between 25-50%in base.Their effects are similar to those of ointment.Reducing oozing常用药物:Z.O.paste,Topical drugstypes,乳剂(Emulsion)W/O,O/Wprotecting,moisten,antipruritus常用药物:DXM cream,10%sulfur cream,Principles of choosing topical drugs-selection of types(1),急性炎症

24、性皮损(Acute inflammatory lesions)保护、安抚、散热、止痒(Protecting,cooling,smoothing,antipruritic)macules,papules and vesicles creams,lotions&powdersooze and erosion wet dressing,Principle of choosing topical drugs-selection of types(2),亚急性炎症性皮损(Subacute inflammatory lesions)保护、安抚、润滑、止痒(Protecting,cooling,moiste

25、n,antipruritum,smoothing)erythema,scale,crust,fissures,erosion,maceration oils,pastes,creams,ointment without irritancy,Principle of choosing topical drugs-selection of types(3),慢性期皮损(Chronic phase lesions)剥脱止痒(Exfoliating,antipruritum)Lichenification spirits,irritant ointment,plasters,cream,Principle of choosing topical drugs-selection of effects,根据病因(Depended on etiology)根据症状(Depended on signs)根据组织病理学改变(Depended on histopathologic change),Physical treatment,Electrofulguration or electro-coagulationUltra-violet raylaser,Surgical treatment of skin,Thank you!,

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