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1、Unit 2,1.petroleum=petro(rock)leum(oil)2.hydrocarbon=hydrogen(氢)carbon（碳）3.iso-vol 4.undersaturated=under saturated5.saturated6.oversaturated,石油烃，碳氢化合物等量未饱和的饱和的过饱和的,1 compound words,7.retrograde=retro(向后)grade（变化）8.cricondentherm=critical condense therm(热量单位，克卡，千卡)9.cricondenbar10.barometer11.revapo
2、rize=re(又)vaporize（蒸发）,反常的临界凝析温度临界凝析压力气压计再次蒸发,12.microscope13.microscopic=micro(微小)scopic（视觉上的）14.macroscopic=macro scopic,显微镜微观的宏观的,2 phrases,15.black oil=low-shrinkage oil,ordinary oil16.volatile oil=high-shrinkage oil17.retrograde gas18.wet gas19.dry gas20.stock tank oil,黑油，低收缩率原油挥发性原油，高收缩率原油反常凝析
3、气湿气干气储罐油,21.bubble point22.dew poine23.critical pressure24.critical temperature25.phase envelope26.phase diagram27.enhanced(oil)recovery 28.porous media,泡点露点临界压力临界温度两相区相图提高采收率，强化采油多孔介质,29.total porosity30.effective porosity31.residual porosity32.upstream pressure 33.downstream pressure34.dynamic vis
4、cosity35.oil-water transition zone36.interstitial water,connate water,总孔隙度有效孔隙度残余孔隙度上游压力下游压力动力粘度油水过渡带束缚水,37.Darcys law38.absolute permeability39.effective permeability 40.relative permeability41.horizontal permeability42.vertical permeability,达西定律绝对渗透率有效渗透率相对渗透率水平渗透率垂向渗透率,3 Abbreviation,psi=pounds p
5、er square inch 磅/平方英寸 1atm=14.7psi 1MPa=147psiOIIP=oil initially in placeGIIPOOIP=oil originally in placeEOR=enhanced oil recovery,原始地质储量,提高采收率，强化采油,Title:Characteristics of reservoir fluids and of reservoir rocks,Contents:Introduction(para.1)The Five Reservoir FluidsIntroduction(para.2)Black Oils(p
6、ara.3-7)Volatile Oils(para8-11)Retrograde gases(para.12-14)Wet Gases(para.15-16)Dry Gases(para.17)Summary(para.18),Characteristics of Reservoir RocksIntroduction(para.19)Porosity(para.20-23)Permeability(para.24-27)Factors Influencing Porosity and Permeability(para.28)Relative Permeability(para.29),I
7、ntroduction(para.1),Nearly all naturally occurring petroleum deposits are made up of an extremely large number of petrolrum compounds,all mixed together.,几乎所有天然存在的石油矿藏都是由大量混合在一起的石油化合物组成。,Introduction(para.1),Seldom are two crude oils found(that are seemingly identical)and certainly never are two cru
8、de oils made up of the same proportions of the various compounds.,很少发现有哪两种原油看起来完全相同，当然，更不可能有哪两种原油是由多种化合物以相同比例构成。,Characteristics of reservoir fluidsCharacteristics of reservoir rocks,The shape of phase diagram is an envelop.,Characteristic,Phase behavior of multi-component system(多组分相图),Fig.1.1.8 Ph
9、ase diagram of a multi-component system,C critical point；,Above the bubble point line is liquid phase region；Below and to the right of the dew point line is gas phase region；The region bounded the bubble point line and dew point line is two phase region.,bubble point line,dew point line,Cricondenthe
10、rm,cricondenbar,Black Oils(para.3-7),The compositionThe phase diagramThe ctitical pointthe iso-volsThe phase behavior,Introduction(para.5),The vertical line 123 indicates the reduction in pressure at constant temperature that occures in reservoir during production.,垂线123表示油藏生产过程中发生的等温降压过程,Introducti
11、on(para.7),However,separator conditions lie well within the phase envelope,indicating that a relatively large amount of liquid arrives at the surface.,但是分离器条件处于两相区，说明在地面有大量的液体产生。,The compositionThe phase diagramThe ctitical pointthe iso-volsThe phase behavior,Volatile Oils(para8-11),The temperature
12、range(covered by the phase envelopeenvileop)is somewhat smaller,but of more interest is the position of the critical point.,a sentence in paragraph 9:,(挥发性原油的两相区所覆盖的)温度范围要小一些，但更值得注意的是临界点的位置。,The compositionThe phase diagramThe ctitical pointthe iso-volsThe phase behavior,Retrograde gases(para.12-14）
13、),The compositionThe phase diagramThe ctitical pointthe iso-volsThe phase behavior,Wet gases(para.15-16）),The compositionThe phase diagramThe ctitical pointthe iso-volsThe phase behavior,Wet gases(para.15-17）),Fig.1.1.10 low-shrinkage crude oil,Fig.1.1.11 high-shrinkage crude oil,Fig.1.1.12 retrogra
14、de gas,Fig.1.1.13 wet gas,Fig.1.1.14 dry gas,From the low-shrinkage crude oil to the dry gas,the phase diagrams have the following characteristics:(1)The critical points shift from right to left.(2)The phase envelopes become smaller.The oils have a broader two-phase region than the gases.(3)The iso-
15、vols shift towards the bubble point lines.,Conclusion to phase behavior,A sentence in paragraph 18:,(The method of fluid sampling,the types and sizes of surface equipment,the calculation procedures for determining oil and gas in place,the techniques of predicting oil and gas reserves,the plan of dep
16、letion,and the selection of enhanced recovery method)are all dependent on the type of reservoir fluid.,流体取样方法、地面设备的类型和处理能力、确定油气储量的计算方法、油气可采储量的预测方法、开发方案、强化采油方法的选择等等都取决于油藏流体类型。,Q1:Whats low-shrinkage crude oil?Whats high-shrinkage crude oil?,A:The oil with a low shrinkage in volume is called the low-s
17、hrinkage crude oil,while the oil with a high shrinkage in volume is called the high-shrinkage crude oil.,Q2:What are the characteristics of the five type reservoir fluids?,A:(1)Low-shrinkage oils consist of a wide variety of chemical species including large,heavy,nonvolatile molecules.The phase diag
18、ram covers a wide temperature range.The critical point is well up the slope of the phase envelope.The gas-oil ratio is small.(2)High-shrinkage crude oil contains more of the lighter hydrocarbons than does low-shrinkage oil.The gas-oil ratio is relatively higher.(3)Retrograde gas contains fewer of th
19、e heavy hydrocarbons than do the oils.,(4)Wet gas is mainly comprised of methane and ethane and a little amount of heavy components.Wet gas has very high producing gas-oil ratios.No liquid is formed in the reservoir,but some liquid is formed at the surface.(5)Dry gas is primarily methane and ethane,
20、with little intermediates.No liquid is formed either in the reservoir or at the surface.,Q3:Whats the difference between the five diagrams?,A:From the low-shrinkage crude oil to the dry gas,the phase diagrams have the following characteristics:(1)The critical points shift from right to left.(2)The p
21、hase envelopes become smaller.The oils have a broader two-phase region than the gases.(3)The iso-vols shift towards the dew point lines.,2Characteristics of reservoir rocksporosity(孔隙度),permeability(渗透率),fluid saturation(流体饱和度).,2.1 Definition of porosity:,Porosity is defined as the ratio of the voi
22、d space in a rock to the bulk volume(外表体积)of that rock.,（Para21）The porosity of a rock may be defined as 1 minus the fraction of the bulk volume comprised of solid matter.,孔隙度定义为岩石孔隙体积与外表体积的比值。,孔隙度定义为1减去固相占外表体积的分数。,2.2 Classification Of Porosity,(1)Absolute porosity 绝对孔隙度(2)Effective porosity 有效孔隙度(
23、3)residual porosity 残余孔隙度（无效孔隙度）,Paragraph 21The porosity of interest to the reservoir specialist(,that which allows the fluids in the pores to circulate,)is the effective porosity,(which corresponds to the pores connected to each other and to other formation.),油藏工作者感兴趣的是允许流体在孔隙中流动的那部分孔隙度，称为有效孔隙度，它对
24、应于相互之间连通的孔隙，以及与其它地层相连通的孔隙。,Paragraph25The specific or absolute permeability of a rock is the ability of the rock to allow a fluid(with which it is saturated)to flow though its pores.,2.3 Permeability,岩石的绝对渗透率是岩石允许饱和的流体通过其孔隙的一种能力。,cross section,Lets consider a sample of length dx and cross section A,
25、saturated with a fluid of dynamic viscosity,and crossed horizontally by a flow rate Q.In steady state conditions,the upstream pressure is p,the downstream pressure is p-dp.The lateral sides are impervious to fluids.If the fluid does not react with the rock,which is the general case:,我们来考虑一段长为dx，截面积为
26、A的岩样，饱和有动力粘度为的流体，流体以流量Qi水平流过岩心。在稳定状态下，上游压力为p，下游压力为p-dp。岩样侧面不能通过流体。通常情况下流体与岩石不发生反应,Darcys law(para.26),A sentence in paragraph 28:Porosity and permeability of sandstone depend upon many factors,(among which are size and shape of the grains,variations in size of grains,arrangement in which grains were
27、 laid down and compacted,and the amount of clay and other materials which cement the sand grains together.),砂岩的孔隙度和渗透率取决于很多因素，其中包括颗粒的大小和形状、颗粒大小的变化情况、颗粒沉积和排列方式，胶结砂粒的粘土以及其它物质的含量等。,A sentence in paragraph 29:When dealing with the flow of more than one fluid through a sand,one must consider relative per
28、meability the ease with which one fluid,(of the two or more fluids present,)will flow though connecting pore spaces in the presence of each other as compared to the ease with which one fluid will flow when it alone is present.,当处理砂岩中一种以上流体的流动问题时，必须考虑相对渗透率-当有两种或两种以上流体存在时，其中一种流体在其它流体存在时通过连通孔隙时的难易程度与只有
29、一种流体存在时它流过孔隙的难易程度之比。,Please describe the process of the production of such reservoir?,The vertical line 123 indicates the reduction in pressure at constant temperature that occurs in reservoir during production.,When reservoir pressure lies anywhere along line 12,the oil is only one phase,called und
30、ersaturated.As the reservoir pressure is at point 2,the oil is at its bubble point and is said to be satutated.A reduction in pressure will release gas to form a free gas phase in the reservoir.As reservoir pressure declines along line 23,additional gas is evolved in the reservoir.,Unit 9,1.1 Compou
31、nd words,wellborepistonlikebreakthroughbottomholewaterfloodupstructure,井眼活塞式突破，见水井底水驱沿构造向上,bottomwateredgewater,底水边水,1.2 phrases,dissolved gas drivegas cap drivewater drivecompletion intervalultimate recovery gas oil ratioproducing gas oil ratio,溶解气驱气顶驱水驱完井层段最终采收率气油比生产气油比,gravitational segregation(v
32、olumetric)sweep efficiencypay thichnesswell spacingbottomhole pressure secondary gas capwater encroachmentwater influx,重力分异波及系数产层厚度井距,布井井底压力二次气顶水侵水侵,artificial liftshut inflow capacity,人工举升关井流动能力,1.3 Abbreviation,GOR=gas oil ratio 气油比,Unit 9 Reservoir drive mechanisms and their effects,Sources of re
33、servoir energy(para.1)Types of reservoir drives(para.2-20)Effects of reservoir drive mechanisms(para.21-39),第九单元 油藏驱动机理及其影响,Types of Reservoir DrivesInroduction(para.2)Dissolved-Gas Drive(Para.3-8)Gas-Cap Drive(para.9-12)Water Drive(para.13-17)Gas Reservoir Drives(para.18-20),Effects of Reservoir Dr
34、ive MechanismsIntroduction(para.21)Dissolved-Gas Reservoirs(para.22-29)Gas-Cap Expansion Reservoirs(para.30-35)Water Drive Reservoirs(para.36-39),Sources of reservoir energy,Fluid expansionRock expansionGravity,Types of reservoir drives,Dissolved gas driveGas-cap expansion driveWater driveGas reserv
35、oir drives,(1)elastic drive 弹性驱(by the expansion energy of the rock and fluids in the oil zone),Types of Oil Reservoir Drive(驱动方式),When pressure is higher than the bubble point pressure,the flow of oil will be sustained by the expansion of the liquid and the rock,named elastic drive.,当压力高于泡点压力时，油的流动
36、靠流体和岩石的膨胀来维持，称为弹性驱。,(2)Dissolved-gas drive溶解气驱(by the expansion energy of the dissolved gas),When pressure is below the bubble point pressure,dissolved-gas expansion is mainly responsible for production,named dissolved-gas drive.,当压力低于泡点压力时，溶解气的膨胀是主要的生产动力，称为溶解气驱。,Paragraph 5,Initially,the flow of oi
37、l will be sustained by the expansion of liquid and the rock;it is the source of energy until the bubble point pressure is reached,but it has a negligible effect on production below the bubble point.,起初，原油流动由液体膨胀和岩石膨胀来维持，它们是压力达到泡点压力以前的能量来源，但是在低于泡点压力后，它们对生产的影响可以忽略。,Paragraph 3,The dissolved gas drive
38、is sometimes explained by a soda pop bottle analogy.If a bottle of carbonated soft drink is shaken with a thumb over the top,pressure will be developed from the carbon dioxide dissolved in the liquid,and the liquid can be sprayed from the bottle.As soon as the supply of carbon dioxide is exhausted,t
39、he process stops,and only dead liquid is left in the bottle.,溶解气驱有时用汽水瓶来类比。如果用拇指堵住一瓶碳酸软饮料的瓶口摇动，溶解于液体中的CO2会产生压力，使液体从瓶中喷溅出来。一旦CO2供应耗尽，这个过程停止，瓶中只剩下静止的液体。,Paragraph 3,The depletion of a dissolved gas drive reservoir is similar(although a little more complex),since the expansion of the reservoir rock and
40、 connate water plus the relative permeability effects complicate the process.,溶解气驱的衰竭与此类似，只是稍微复杂了一些，因为油藏岩石和束缚水的膨胀及相对渗透率的影响使这个过程变复杂了。,(3)gas-cap drive 气顶驱(by the expansion energy of the gas cap),Its not common,four special conditions must exist.(para9),Steeply dipping.High vertical permeability.The g
41、as cap must be very large in relation to the oil column.The reservoir must be produced at a rate that permits gravitational segregation of the oil and gas.,1 油藏倾斜度大；2.油藏岩石具有相对较高的垂向渗透率；3.与油相相比，气顶很大；4.油藏生产速度合理，以保证油气重力分异。,(4)water drive 水驱,Elastic water drive 弹性水驱(by the expansion energy of the rock an
42、d fluids in the water zone),Natural water drive 天然水驱(by the heads of edge and bottom water),Paragraph 13In the case of a water drive reservoir,the oil-filled reservoir rock is hydraulically connected to a large water-filled reservoir.,Aquifer,Reservoir oil,Sand-filled pipe,在水驱油油藏中，从水动力学上说，储层岩石与巨大的水体
43、相连。,Paragraph 15,If the pressure in the oil tank is reduced by production,the water and rock in the aquifer tank will expand,and water will flow though the sand-filled pipe into the oil reservoir tank,helping to maintain the pressure in the oil tank.,如果生产导致油罐压力降低，水罐中的水和岩石会膨胀，水通过填砂管流向油罐，维持了油罐中的压力。,Aq
44、uifer,Reservoir oil,Sand-filled pipe,Paragraph 16,It is obvious(that the sand-filled pipe between the two tanks has to be sufficiently large to permit the expansion of the water into the oil tank at the same rate at which it is being taken out).,显然，两个罐之间的填砂管必须足够大，以保证膨胀的水以原油采出的速度流向油罐。,Effects of rese
45、rvoir drive mechanisms,Dissolved gas drive low relief high relief Gas-cap expansion drive low angle of dip high angle of dipWater drive low angle of dip high angle of dip,Dissolved gas drive,low relief,(para24)It has been pointed out that in a dissolved-gas reservoir the oil flows from the reservoir
46、 to the well primarily because of expansion of the dissolved gas,once the reservoir pressure is below the bubble point pressure.,已经指出，一旦油藏压力低于泡点压力，溶解气驱油藏的原油流向油井主要依靠溶解气的膨胀。,Dissolved gas drive,low relief,(para24)The flow capacity of a well(,according to Darcys law,)is directly proportional to the per
47、meability(k)and pay section(h).,根据达西定律，单井的导流能力与渗透率k，产层厚度h成正比。,Dissolved gas drive,low relief,(para25)Generally,the entire pay section is perforated in each well in order to achieve the maximum flow rates,since individual well ultimate recoveries will be roughly proportional to their flow rate.,一般的，每
48、口井的生产层段都被射孔以获得最大流速，因为单井的最终采收率与它们的流速几乎成正比。,Dissolved gas drive,high relief,(para27)If permeability is high enough,the free gas will migrate to the top of the structure and form a secondary gas cap.,migrate,secondary gas cap,如果渗透率很大，自由气将会运移到构造顶部形成二次气顶。,gravitational segregation,Dissolved gas drive,hig
49、h relief,Para 28Wells completed high on the structure will produce with high GORs(as soon as the secondary gas cap forms),and they may go completely to gas as depletion continues.,一旦形成二次气顶，在构造高部位完井的油井的生产气油比就会较高，而且随着衰竭的进行，它们可能会完全产气。,Dissolved gas drive,high relief,Well spacing is a uneven pattern,and
50、 wells are completed in the down dip portion of the reservoir.,布井方式是非均匀井网，在油藏的低部位完井。,Paragraph 30,If the wells are produced at high rates,gas may channel down into the wellbore and bypass oil in the reservoir,resulting in lower recoveries.,如果油井高速生产，气体窜流进入井筒，而绕过油藏中的原油，（就会）导致较低的采收率。,Gas-cap expansion
