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1、英美国家概况,The United States of America,Unit 19,Literature&Men of Letters,The United States of America,Think about these questions before we start:1.What about the poetry writing in the early American literature?2.What are the forms of American Gothic?3.Why did the development of the self become a major
2、 theme for Romantic writers?,Warming-up Activities,Contents,Colonial Literature,16071776Dominant Genres and Literary FormsWith the exception of the novel,colonial America produced literature in all the genres that were then popular in England.,Before 19th Century,Dominant Genres and Literary FormsHi
3、storiesBiographical and autobiographical writing,including journals and diariesDramaBelletristic essays,Dominant Genres and Literary Forms,John Winthrop(12 January 1587/8 26 March 1649)was a wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
4、,the first major settlement in New England after Plymouth Colony.Winthrop led the first large wave of migrants from England in 1630,and served as governor for 12 of the colonys first 20 years of existence.His writings and vision of the colony as a Puritan city upon a hill dominated New England colon
5、ial development,influencing the government and religion of neighboring colonies.,Dominant Writers,John Cotton(December 29,1585 December 23,1652)was an English clergyman and colonist.He was a principal figure among the New England Puritan ministers,who also included Thomas Hooker,Increase Mather(who
6、became his son-in-law),John Davenport,and Thomas Shepard and John Norton,who wrote his first biography.Cotton was the grandfather of Cotton Mather,who was named after him.,Dominant Writers,Thomas Hooker(July 5,1586 July 7,1647)was a prominent Puritan colonial leader,who founded the Colony of Connect
7、icut after dissenting with Puritan leaders in Massachusetts.He was known as an outstanding speaker and a leader of universal Christian suffrage.,Dominant Writers,Increase Mather(June 21,1639 August 23,1723)was a major figure in the early history of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and Province of Massac
8、husetts Bay(now the Commonwealth of Massachusetts).He was a Puritan minister who was involved with the government of the colony,the administration of Harvard College,and most notoriously,the Salem witch trials.He was the son of Richard Mather,and the father of Cotton Mather,both influential Puritan
9、ministers.,Dominant Writers,Mercy Otis Warren(September 24,1728 October 19,1814)was a political writer and propagandist of the American Revolution.During the years before the American Revolution,Warren published poems and plays that attacked royal authority in Massachusetts and urged colonists to re
10、sist British infringements on colonial rights and liberties.,Dominant Writers,Thomas Paine(January 29,1737(NS February 9,1737)June 8,1809)was an English-American political activist,author,political theorist and revolutionary.As the author of two highly influential pamphlets at the start of the Ameri
11、can Revolution,he became one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.,Dominant Writers,Early American Literature,17761820Dominant Genres and Literary FormsPoetryNonfiction:Autobiography,Letters,EssaysNovelsSentimental FictionPicaresque Fiction Gothic Fiction,Before 19th Century,The Connecticut
12、WitsOriginally the Connecticut Wits,this group formed in the late eighteenth century as a literary society at Yale College and then assumed a new name,the Hartford Wits.Their writings satirized an outmoded curriculum and,more significantly,society and the politics of the mid-1780s.Their dissatisfact
13、ion with the Articles of Confederation appeared in the“The Anarchiad”(17861787),written by David Humphreys,Joel Barlow,John Trumbull,and Lemuel Hopkins.In satirizing democratic society,this mock-epic promoted the federal union delineated by the 1787 Federal Convention at Philadelphia.,Poetry,John Tr
14、umbull,David Humphreys,Joel Barlow,Nonfiction in a variety of forms was very popular throughout the period.Biographies and autobiographies of famous people and less-famous people whose lives were considered exemplary in some way were popular,as were their letters.,Nonfiction:Autobiography,Letters,Es
15、says,Sentimental Fiction,Novels,Susanna Rowson,neHaswell(17621824)was a British-American novelist,poet,playwright,religious writer,stage actress and educator.,Picaresque FictionRoyall Tyler(June 18,1757 August 26,1826),Americanjuristandplaywrightwho wroteThe Contrastin 1787 and publishedThe Algerine
16、 Captivein 1797.,Picaresque Fiction,Gothic Fiction,Gothic Fiction,In America,Gothic novelists sometimes set their novels in Europe in order to have a good reason to include such gothic trappings as a castle;in other cases,they created fantastic scenarios to locate these settings in the United States
17、.,19th Century,1,2,3,1.Romanticism and Transcendentalism,18201865,RomanticismThe Romantic Movement arrived in the United States around 1820,coinciding with the nations discovery of its distinctive artistic voice.,1.Romanticism and Transcendentalism,18201865,TranscendentalismThe Transcendentalist mov
18、ement was a reaction against 18th-century rationalism and a manifestation of the general humanitarian trend of 19th-century thought.The movement was based on a fundamental belief in the unity of the world and God.,1.Romanticism and Transcendentalism,18201865,The Brahmin PoetsIn their time,the Boston
19、 Brahmins(as the patrician,Harvard-educated class came to be called)supplied the most respected and genuinely cultivated literary arbiters of the United States.,Whitman,Melville,Thoreau,and Poe,1.Romanticism and Transcendentalism,18201865,Two Reformersabolitionist John Greenleaf Whittier and feminis
20、t and social reformer Margaret Fuller,1.Romanticism and Transcendentalism,18201865,The RomanceHawthorne,Melville,and Poe,1.Romanticism and Transcendentalism,18201865,Women Writers and ReformersHarriet Beecher Stowe,Harriet Beecher Stowe(June 14,1811 July 1,1896)was an Americanabolitionistandauthor.H
21、ernovel Uncle Toms Cabin(1852)was a depiction of life forAfrican-Americansunderslavery;it reached millions as a novel and play,and became influential in the United States and United Kingdom.It energized anti-slavery forces in theAmerican North,while provoking widespread anger in theSouth.,2.Realism
22、and Regionalism,18651914,These writersamong them,Mark Twain,Henry James,William Dean Howells,Sarah Orne Jewett,Mary Wilkins Freeman,and John William De Forestchose not to allegorize or sentimentalize or sensationalize experience in their fiction,preferring instead to represent the world as objective
23、ly as possible.,Realism and Regionalism,Mark Twain,Henry James,William Dean Howells,Sarah Orne Jewett,Mary Wilkins Freeman,and John William De Forest,III Since 20th Century,1.American Modernism,19141945,Dominant Genres and Literary FormsAll literary genres thrived during the years between the world
24、wars,but the achievements of the novelists were,arguably,the most impressive.With such a wide-open market,the short story flourished.Like the novel and the short story,American poetry was invigorated after World War I.In drama the towering figure who transformed a moribund American theater was Eugen
25、e ONeill.,Movements and Schools,The School of Imagism,ModernismImagismObjectivismThe Harlem Renaissance,also known as the Negro Renaissance and the New Negro Movement(Claude McKay,Jean Toomer,Countee Cullen,Langston Hughes,Arna Bontemps,Nella Larsen,Wallace Thurman,and Zora Neale Hurston),Main write
26、rs,William FaulknerErnest HemingwayRobert FrostEugene ONeill,2.Postwar Literature,19451970,Dominant Genres and Literary FormsPostmodernismThe Beat movement,Main Writers,Allen GinsbergWilliam S.BurroughsArthur MillerTennessee Williams,3.Contemporary Literature,1970 to Present,postconfessional,postfem
27、inist,postracial,postcolonial,poststructural,Postmodernist,and even post-Postmodernist.,3.Contemporary Literature,1970 to Present,The novel continues to be popular,with writers such as John Barth,Joyce Carol Oates,Philip Roth,and John Updike,who were working in previous decades,still making importan
28、t contributions after 1970.The short story has enjoyed a resurgence in this period.American poetry in this period is produced by a more diverse group of poets in terms of class,gender,race,ethnicity,and sexuality than in earlier times.Drama since 1970 has benefited from the birth of Off Broadway in the 1950s and Off Off Broadway and the expansion of regional theaters in the 1960s.,Thank You!,英美国家概况,The United States of America,
