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1、专业好文档一.卫生经济学真正建立的标志是Arrow在1963年发表的经典论文“不确定性与卫生保健的福利经济学”.1952年世界卫生组织纪事美国人马尔达的论文卫生的经济方面,被认为是卫生经济学的第一篇著作。1958年,S.J.麻希金在华盛顿出版的公共卫生报告上发表了题为卫生经济学定义的论文，明确提出卫生经济学的定义是“研究健康投资的最优使用的科学”二.什么是卫生经济学 卫生经济学(Health Economics)是经济学领域一个分支科学。它是应用经济学的理论和方法研究医疗卫生领域中投入与产出的经济关系和经济规律的学科。目的是揭示经济主体之间的经济关系和经济活动中的经济规律，以解决卫生领域中的经
2、济问题，并为制定相关的卫生经济政策提供信息。研究对象：卫生服务过程中的经济活动和经济关系.三.卫生经济学研究内容 1.卫生费用研究 2.卫生保健制度 3.市场理论 4.健康效益的衡量 5.基本理论：卫生服务需求、需要、与卫生资源配置等四.卫生服务的性质卫生服务过程是生产的三要素：即劳动者、劳动资料和劳动对象的有机结合，创造有使用价值的产品的过程。 我国卫生事业的性质是政府实行一定福利政策的社会公益事业。五.卫生服务需要：从消费者健康状况出发，在不考虑实际支付能力的情况下，由医学专家分析判断消费者是否应该获得卫生服务及卫生服务的数量。卫生服务需求：在一定时期、一定价格水平下，消费者愿意并实现购买
3、的卫生服务总量。卫生服务供给：卫生服务的提供者在一定时期内、一定的价格水平下愿意并且能够提供的卫生服务的数量。须具备两个条件：1、提供者有提供卫生服务的愿望2、提供者有提供卫生服务的能力六. 卫生服务需求的特点1、消费者医疗信息的缺乏和需求的被动性2、卫生服务利用的效益外在性3、卫生服务需求的不确定性4、卫生服务需求受卫生服务费用支付方式的影响七 卫生服务供给的特点 1、垄断性2、不确定性3、公益型4、外部性（正外部性 外部经济正效应 供给不 足 负外部性 外部经济负效应 供给过量）5、同时性或即时性6、主导性（诱导需求）7、技术性八.影响卫生服务需求的主要因素1、健康状况2、经济文化因素3、
4、人口年龄等社会问题4、卫生服务的供给者因素5、卫生费用支付因素九.影响卫生服务需求和供给的因素1、卫生服务成本与卫生服务价格2、卫生资源3、卫生服务的技术水平4、政治、经济、文化等社会因素十.卫生服务需求（价格）弹性的概念卫生服务需求（价格）弹性 是指卫生服务需求量对价格变动的反应程度。卫生服务需求价格需求弹性系数Edp=该种卫生服务需求变动率/该种卫生服务价格变动率 一般：价格与需求呈负性相关 价格上升，需求减少 价格下降，需求增加 所以:弹性系数一般为负值，表示价格与需求反 向变动，以其绝对值表示弹性大小，绝对值大表示弹性大卫生服务需求弹性的种类 根据需求价格弹性系数绝对值的大小 Edp1
5、 富有弹性 需求曲线平坦 Edp1 缺乏弹性 需求曲线陡峭 Edp=1 单一弹性 双曲线 反比例 Edp 0 完全无弹性 Edp 完全弹性 (均衡价格支付价格等于供给价格)价格弹性与销售收入之间的关系提示：这取决于该商品的需求价格弹性。|Ep| 1时，价格变化的百分比低于需求量变化的百分比； |Ep|3%的增幅时我们称为INFLATION，就是通货膨胀； 而当CPI5%的增幅时，我们把他称为SERIOUS INFLATION，就是严重的通货膨胀。Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final wi
6、n over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their
7、 first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most
8、interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line thi
9、s weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomor
10、row and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president
11、of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mis
12、sion aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will
13、 move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the strat
14、osphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they go
15、t caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That
16、 could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-
17、chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back t
18、hey have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.
