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1、专业好文档岩体力学复习资料一、 简答题（54）1、 什么是岩石的全应力应变曲线？岩石在单周压缩荷载作用下，应变随应力变化的关系曲线，包括（1）空隙裂隙压密阶段；（2）弹性变形阶段；（3）微弹性裂隙稳定发展阶段；（4）非稳定破裂发展阶段；（5）破坏后阶段。2、 岩石的蠕变？岩石的应力保持不变，应变随时间增加而增长的现象。3、 岩体的结构面？是指地质过程中在岩体内形成的具有一定的延伸方向和长度、厚度相对较小的地质面或带，又称为不连续面或带。4、RQD法？取值方法？钻探取芯的岩芯完整程度与岩体的原始裂隙、硬度、均质性等状态相关，钻探取芯的岩芯复原率（岩芯采取率）可表征掩体质量，该表征指标称之为岩体质
2、量指标（RQD）; RQD=Lp/L100%(Lp:大于10cm的岩芯累计长度；L：岩芯取芯进尺总长度。5、 地应力？地应力是指存在于地层中未受扰动的天然应力，也称原岩应力、岩体初始应力或绝对应力。6、 岩石的渗透性？岩石在一定的水力梯度（I）或压力差作用下，水渗透或穿透岩石的能力。7、岩爆？处于高地应力状态下的围岩，在地下洞室开挖过程中，由于洞室周围应力集中而引起岩体贮存大量的弹性应变能得到突然释放，致使围岩向着临空方向产生脆性爆裂以弹性迸发出声响的一种动力地质现象。8、岩石的松弛？是指应变保持不变时，应力随时间的增加而减小的现象。9、 新奥法？在岩体或土体中设置的以使地下洞室的周围岩体形成
3、一个中空筒状支撑环结构为目的地设计施工方程，利用围岩的自承作用支撑隧道。二、简答题（66）1、岩石与岩体的区别与联系。岩石是由矿物+岩屑在地质作用下按一定规律聚集而成德自然物体，岩体是由岩石、地质部连续面和不连续面内填充物组合成的天然地质体，岩体由于结构面的存在强度远低于岩石的强度。2、岩石的强度有哪几种类型；由那几个实验确定其特征值?岩石的强度有：单轴抗压强度（单轴压缩实验）、抗拉强度(直接拉伸试验法，劈裂试验法，点载荷试验法，抗弯法试验)、抗剪强度（抗剪断试验）、三轴抗压强度（真三轴加载实验，常规三轴加载实验）。3、岩体的变形曲线可以分成哪几种类型；各有什么特点？（1）岩体压缩变形曲线，特
4、点：岩体的破坏过程一般呈柔性特征，通常岩体完整性越差，岩体越破碎，盈利下降就越小，岩体脆性越差；（2）岩体剪切变形曲线，特点：屈服点以后，岩体内某个结构体或面可能先被剪坏，出现应力降，未达到峰值是甚至有多次应力降，当应力降达到一定值时未剪坏部分瞬间破坏，并伴有大的应力降，随后产生稳定滑移；（3）岩体法向变形曲线，特点：法向变形的曲线各异，按P-W曲线和变形特征大致可分为：直线型、上凹形、上凸形、复合形。（4）岩体剪切变形曲线，特点：沿结构面剪切和剪断岩体的剪切曲线明显不同，同时，沿平直光滑结构面和粗超结构面的剪切曲线也各异。4、岩体边坡稳定性的影响因素。（1）边坡岩体中的结构面，岩体的破坏总是
5、沿着相对阻力较小的面发生，由于软弱结构面方向岩体抗剪强度最低，所以，软弱结构面就成为了影响边坡稳定性的控制因素；（2）边坡形态与几何特征的改变，开挖人工边坡时若切露了控制边坡稳定的主要软弱结构面，会导致边坡岩体的变形与破坏；（3）边坡岩体力学特性，各种地质作用会改变边坡岩体力学特性，往往使边坡岩体强度减小，大大降低了边坡岩体稳定性，使边坡变形与破坏；（4）边坡的作用力，区域构造力的变化、地震、爆破、地下静水压力与动水压力及施工荷载等，都使边坡直接受力，对边坡岩体的稳定性影响直接而迅速。5、岩石地基设置中要考虑的问题。（1）足够的地基岩体承载能力，以保证在外荷载作用下上部结构稳定与安全；（2）在
6、外荷载的作用下的岩石地基沉降值应满足建(构)筑物安全与正常使用的要求；（3）应确保外荷载作用下的较弱岩性岩石的地基不发生滑动破坏。6、岩体的结构类型，与之相对应的结构体的形式和结构面的发育特征。岩体结构类型级岩体结构级岩体构造过渡型岩体结构：软硬结构面混杂、结构面无序状排列散体结构块状结构体块裂结构-板状结构体板裂结构结构面贯通切割碎裂结构结构面断续切割断续结构无显结构面切割完整结构7、围岩分类及考虑的因素。围岩分类分为：把围岩分为IV类；考虑的因素有：岩石结构面及组合状态、岩体特性、地下水状态、岩体结构、岩石强度指标、岩体声波指标、岩心质量指标RQD。8、岩体强度确定方法：:(1)通过现场岩
7、体力学试验侧定,称为“岩体的试验强度”,(2)根据岩块的室内试验强度推断岩体强度,称为 “准岩体强度”,(3)通过所测定的岩块和结构面的力学参数,用图解和计算的方法求得岩体的强度,称为“岩体的计算强度”。9、岩石边坡常用的加固方法。1)开挖和压脚:上部开挖，下部压脚；2)地面排水:排水沟网；3)地下排水:排水孔、排水洞、排水垫层等；4)坡面支护:喷混凝土、喷纤维混凝土、混凝土面板、沥青混凝土面板、锚杆和混凝土塞等；5)深层加固:锚索(杆)、预应力锚索(杆)、锚固洞等；6)灌浆处理:水泥灌浆和化学灌浆等；7)支挡措施:各类挡土墙和防护网等。10、岩石地基沉降的来源。来源：一、由岩体本身的变形、结
8、构面的闭合以及少量泥质夹层的压缩三个部分组合形成的地基沉降；二、由于岩体沿结构面剪切滑动产生地基沉降；三、与时间有关的地基沉降。11、水压致裂法基本测量原理。在竖直钻孔内封隔一段， 向其中注入高压水；压力达到最大值Pb后岩壁破裂压力下降，最终保持恒定以维持裂隙张开；关闭注液泵，压力因液体流失而迅速下降，裂隙闭合，压力降低变缓，其临界值为瞬时关闭压力P。；完全卸压后再重新注液，得到裂隙的重张压力Pr以及瞬时关压力P。：最后通过印模器或钻孔电视纪录裂缝的方向，由Pb，Pr，P。就可以确定水平应力和岩体的抗拉强度。12、什么叫套孔应力解除法，基本原理和实验步骤？套孔应力解除法即全应力解除法，其基本原
9、理是在钻孔孔底部位安装位移和应变测量元件，利用套芯钻头实现套孔岩芯的完全应力解除，通过测量套孔岩芯应力解除前后钻孔孔径的变化、孔底应变变化或孔壁表面应变变化值来确定地应力值及其方向；实验步骤：（1）选定测量岩体表面，并采用大孔径钻头钻孔至测量岩体一定深度部位；（2）在大孔径孔底钻与选用探头直径匹配的同心小孔，以便安装量测探头；（3）利用专用装置在小孔中央部位安装好孔径变形计、孔壁应变计等测量探头；（4）用与大孔直径相同套芯钻头延深大孔，使小孔周围岩芯实现应力解除。三、分析题（210）（答案并不完全）1、结合课本172-173页分析图，弹性分析与弹塑性分析分别适用的情况？分析图主要从应力趋势，大
10、小关系入手；弹性分析适用于：比较完整、强度高、连续性好的或地应力较小的裂隙岩体；弹塑性分析适用于：相对较破碎、强度低、连续性较差的。2、水坝坝基滑移面，坝基失稳的情况，解释公式中符号的含义。失稳情况：超过岩体的强度失稳，超过抗滑能力失稳。3、支护结构与围岩的相互作用（围岩位移及支护特性曲线）4、结合霍光-布朗准则阐述岩体地基承载力的确定方法。参考课本223页计算简图。四、论述题（212）1、工程岩体分类（3个以上）；论述它的分类依据。（1）岩石质量指标（RQD）分类，分类依据：钻探取芯的岩芯采取率；（2）巴顿岩体质量（Q）分类，分类依据：岩体的完整性，结构面的形态、填充物特征及其次生变化程度，
11、水与其他应力存在时对岩体质量的影响；（3）RMR分类，分类依据：完整岩石强度，岩石质量指标，节理间距，节理条件，地下水条件。2、岩石边坡稳定性计算极限平衡法有哪些（3个以上），与之相对应的因素分析。（1）平面破坏计算方法，主要适用于顺层岩质边坡以及沿基岩产生平面破坏的边坡稳定性分析计算，要求滑动体为整体刚体远动，对于滑动体内产生剪切破坏的岩质边坡稳定性分析计算误差相对较大；（2）楔形体破坏计算方法，主要适用于岩质边坡沿两结构面的交线滑动的楔形体破坏的边坡稳定性分析计算，考虑张裂缝的水压影响，并允许两结构面有不同的强度参数和水压力以及边坡顶部地面倾斜的情况，还可用于锚固边坡的稳定性验算；（3）简
12、化Bishop法，考虑了条块间作用力，适用于评价均质粘性及碎石堆土等斜坡形成的圆弧形或似圆弧形滑动滑坡。3、岩石边坡的破坏类型有哪些？岩石边坡稳定性分析的极限平衡法有哪些分别适用的破坏类型。(1)根据滑动面的形态特征，常见的破坏类型有：圆弧破坏、平面破坏、楔形体破坏及倾覆破坏；（2）岩石边坡稳定性分析的极限平衡法有：Fellenius法、Bishop法、Tayor法、Janbu法、Morgenstern-Price法、Spencer法、Sarma法、楔形体法、平面破坏计算法、传递系数法、Baker-Carber临界滑动面法；（3）平面破坏的滑坡可以选择平面破坏计算法；圆弧破坏的滑坡可选择Fel
13、lenius法或Bishop法；折线形破坏滑动面的滑坡可采用传递系数法、Janbu法；楔形四面体岩体滑坡可采用楔形体法；复合破坏滑动面的滑坡可采用Janbu法、Morgenstern-Price法、Spencer法；受岩体控制而产生的结构复杂的岩体滑坡可选择Sarma法。4、结合岩体力学的应用领域，论述基本研究内容和方法。Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, w
14、hile Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie win
15、ger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament
16、high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCaym
17、an Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For
18、me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immed
19、iate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Su
20、nda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the tropospher
21、e) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopaus
22、e),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mist
23、ake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I ha
24、ve been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that ofte
25、n goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have p
26、layed in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.
