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1、专业好文档西方经济学 03任务题目：联系实际说明，在我国当前经济形式下，如何借鉴消费理论扩大消费需求？ 考核目的：这是一道理论联系实际题。让学生理清西方消费理论的基本内容，在理清理论的同时，学会在社会主义市场经济实践中运用；在实际运用中加深对西方消费理论的理解。要求：（1）要求学生认真审题和研读第十章简单国民收入决定模型的相关内容，搞清西方四大消费理论的基本内容；（2）完整准确阐述西方消费理论的内容；（3）联系实际时既可以逐条理论联系，也可以理论阐述完毕后联系；（4）字数不少于800字。时间：学完第十章简单国民收入决定模型后完成本任务。解题思路：（1）简述凯恩斯的绝对收入理论（2）简述杜森贝的
2、相对收入理论（3）简述莫迪利安尼的生命周期理论（4）简述佛里德曼的持久收入理论（5）我国采取的消费政策、效果、原因和建议答：消费理论是经济学中，在研究简单的国民收入理论中一个很重要理论，即：在货币市场上利率和产品市场价格不变的情况下的国民收入决定原理。主要认为，在不考虑货币市场条件下，国民收入可以通过社会总供给社会总需求来进行调节，并实现均衡。通常在调节总供给和总需求相等时，常通过调节社会总需求来完成。而社会总需求由消费需求和投资需求，不考虑货币市场情况下，消费需求主要受国民收入影响。（1）凯恩斯的绝对收入理论:强调消费支出是实际收入的稳定函数.其实际收入是指现期,绝对,实际的收入水平,即指本
3、期收入,收入的绝对水平和按货币购买力计算的收入.因此,扩大消费须提高居民的实际收入.如城市居民每隔两年一次的加工资.但如何提高农民的实际收入却始终没有切实的措施,这是我国总消费始终没有得到很好的提高的一个重要原因. （2）杜森贝的相对收入理论:消费以相对收入为函数。相对别人示范效应，向高消费看齐。我国称之“攀比效应”。相对自己过去习惯效应，收入水平变化后消费有滞后性（3）莫迪利安尼的生命周期理论:消费与生命周期有关，与财产收入有关。如下式：C=aWR+bYL.WR为财产收入；a为财产收入的消费倾向；YL为劳动收入，实为个人生命周期不同阶段或不同年龄的收入；b为劳动收入的边际消费倾向。表明消费取
4、决于财产收入和个人生命周期不同阶段劳动收入。（4）弗里德曼的持久收入理论:消费以持久收入为函数。C=bYpYp为持久收入，如下式：Ypt=Yt+（1）Yt-1Ypt为现期持久收入，Yt为现期收入，Yt-1为上期收入，为加权数。表明，现期持久收入等于现期收入与前期收入的加权平均数。我国采取的消费政策、效果、原因和建议:扩大内需是我国经济发展的一项长期的消费政策 所谓扩大内需政策,就是在生产相对过剩的情况下,调整经济结构(包括生产结构和消费结构),拓宽国际市场.培育消费热点,以拉动经济的增长.简言之,就是通过扩大投资需求和消费需求来拉动经济增长.扩大内需必须实行积极的财政政策,稳健的货币政策和正确
5、的消费政策. 一、九十年代中期以来采取了一系列扩大消费的政策，但效果并不十分明显。 1、就业形势依然严重，城镇居民收入逐步提高 2、农民收入增势缓慢 3、社会保障体系建设滞后 4、整顿市场秩序取得阶段性成效 5、消费信贷政策作用明显 从上述对各主要消费政策的评估结果看, 历史上的政策失误和不到位是消费低迷的重要成因。从目前情况看，在政策措施的持续作用下，我国居民消费需求已经开始出现启动迹象，住房、汽车、旅游、通讯等相关的消费热点正在形成之中，但消费要形成一个全国性高潮还有待时日。要看到居民消费结构升级将是一个相对较长的过程，城市家庭主要进入10000至100000元的购买阶段，而农村家庭则要进
6、入1000至10000元的购买阶段。前者主要是从普通耐用消费品向住房、汽车和信息产品等大宗和高档耐用消费品以及教育、旅游、文化娱乐等个人发展型和享受型消费的档次提升，而后者则是从生活必需品向中低档耐用消费品的方向发展。从当前的情况看，城镇居民自20世纪90年代初开始进入新的消费升级准备阶段，还难以形成全局性的扩张。特别是随着消费升级层次的提升，大宗耐用消费品的档次也越来越高，购买力积累和消费等待的过程也就更长。如住房消费、私人汽车消费，都需要一定时间的收入积累。比较而言，农村居民消费结构的升级则需要一个相对较低的收入门槛。这就凸现了提高农民消费需求对GDP增长的贡献率以促进国民经济持续增长的重
7、要现实意义。 二、当前在扩大消费方面存在的问题与体制障碍 1、在扩大消费方面现存的三大问题 （1）消费率偏低，消费需求拉动经济的作用亟待增强。 （2）消费需求增势缓慢，与投资增长出现背离 （3）在消费总量不足的同时，消费结构也存在失衡问题。 2、在扩大消费方面现存三大体制障碍 （1）收入分配体制不合理，消费呈现“以点带面”的发展格局。 （2）短缺经济时期，国家为防止需求膨胀而出台的一些抑制消费的政策措施至今没有得到清理。 （3）由于经济体制改革不到位，目前我国还存在部分行政垄断现象，在一定程度上钳制了消费。 三、当前消费需求的基本特征1.商品总量超过现实有效需求，买方市场特征明显2.居民消费呈
8、多元化发展趋势，消费结构正发生变化3.居民消费需求占国内生产总值的比例长期偏低4.占人口绝大多数的农民在消费市场中所占的份额日益降低5.居民储蓄持续增长，居民即期消费意愿不强Winger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee
9、 injury aggravated against USA.Both sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely foll
10、owed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.But it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the W
11、orld Cup in both rugby league and rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in Londo
12、n for the Football Associations 150th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out
13、 what his experience was.Uefa hasopened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised
14、and disappointed by Toures complaint. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the gr
15、ound, conditions have to be very calm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of
16、 Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kilometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the ed
17、ge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to
18、the final and so far history has repeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They hav
19、e been concentrating on the sort of stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though t
20、heir entire tournament has been preparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.
