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1、专业好文档完全竞争和完全垄断条件下厂商均衡的比较市场类型完全竞争完全垄断比较内容企业目标利润最大化最大化规则：MR=MC，主要行业理想化模型，现实生活中几乎不存在，只有比较接近的行业分别为： 农业 水电等公用事业 含义竞争不受任何阻碍和干扰的市场结构整个行业中只有一个生产者的市场结构形成条件1.市场上有无数个购买者和生产者；2.市场上的产品无差异； 3.厂商和生产要素可以自由流动，进入行业的自由度完全不受限；4. 购买者和生产者对市场信息完全化。1.整个行业中只有一个厂商，它提供了整个行业所需要的全部产量；2.厂商所生产的产品没有任何替代品，即产品的需求交叉弹性为零；3.其他厂商几乎不可能进入
2、该行业，进入行业的自由度限严格受限制。市场价格接受者控制者需求曲线单个厂商的需求曲线是平行于横轴的;整个行业的需求曲线向右下方倾斜P=AR=MR=D向右下方倾斜AR和LAC关系AR和LAC最低点相切AR和LAC最低点相割MR和AR关系重叠MR在AR的左下方短期均衡条件MR=SMC长期均衡条件MR=LMC=LAC=SMC=SACMR=LMC=SMC超额利润为0，P=MR=LMC长期拥有超额利润供给曲线产量和价格关系向右上方倾斜（成本不变及递增行业）向右下方倾斜（成本递减行业）一一对应向右上方倾斜但无规律性（因为价格不是固定的，要通过产量和调整来实现MR=SMC的原则，随着向下方倾斜的需求曲线位移
3、，产生不规律的供给曲线）。在产量水平，对应于不同的需求曲线，可能有不同的利润最大化的价格；或者在某一价格水平，对应于不同的需求曲线可能有不同的产量水平。因此，不存在具有规律性的供给曲线。具体文字表述及图形如下：需求曲线、收益曲线厂商是价格的接受者，他不能改变价格，需求曲线即价格线是水平线，同时需求曲线又是平均收益线和边际收益线。P=AR=MR=d 厂商是市场价格的决定者，它可以通过改变销量来决定价格，因此，厂商面临的需求曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的需求曲线，它表明完全垄断厂商要想增加销量，就必须降低售价，厂商只能在高价少销或低价多销间进行选择。 厂商确定了产品价格后，买者所支付的价格，也就是厂商出
4、售单位产品所得到的平均收益，因此，厂商的平均收益也是随产品销量的增加而不断减少的，平均收益曲线AR与厂商面临的需求曲线D重叠。与此同时，厂商从每增加一个单位产品销售中所得到的边际收益MR也是递减的，且在每一个销量下，都小于AR，所以边际收益曲线在平均收益曲线的左下方。厂商短期均衡在短期，产品价格和生产规模都是确定的，厂商不能根据市场需求来调整全部生产要素：情况1：供给小于需求，即价格水平高（PSAC），此时存在超额利润情况2：供给等于需求，即价格等于平均成本（P=SAC），此时存在正常利润，超额利润为零，此点叫收支相抵点 情况3：供给大于需求，即价格水平低（PSAC），此时存在亏损，超额利润为
5、负 情况4：存在亏损的情况下，但价格大于平均变成成本（PSAVC），此时存在亏损，但依然生产 情况5：存在亏损的情况下，但价格等于平均变动成本（P=SAVC），即价格线与平均变动成本的最低点相切，此点E叫停止营业点，所以在短期，厂商继续生产的条件是PSAVC。 情况6：在存在亏损的情况下，但价格小于平均变动成本（PSAVC）即价格线在平均变动成本的最低点下方，此时厂商只能收回部分可变成本，生产比不生产亏损要大，所以必须停止生产。 厂商短期均衡的条件是：MR=MC 短期均衡与长期均衡与完全竞争相比，从文字论述上来说是一样的，所不同的是图形的变化，需求曲线是一条向右下方倾斜的线注意： 需求曲线即价
6、格线是向右下方倾斜的，因为在完全垄断市场上厂商是价格的决定者，他可能改变价格； 边际收益小于平均收益； 边际收益曲线相交于平均收益曲线的最低点E，此点的产量为最大利润产量或最小亏损产量最大。 第一种情况：供给小于需求，即价格水平高（价格线在平均成本曲线的上方），此时存在超额利润（图a） 第二种情况：供给等于需求，即价格等于平均成本（价格线与平均成本线相切），此时存在正常利润，超额利润为零，此点叫收支相抵点（图b） 第三种情况：供给大于需求，即价格水平低（P价格线在平均成本曲线的下方），此时存在亏损，超额利润为负（图c） 所以在短期，厂商继续生产的条件是PAVC。 第五种情况：在存在亏损的情况下
7、，但价格小于平均变动成本，此时厂商只能收回部分可变成本，生产比不生产亏损要大，所以必须停止生产。 条件是：MR=MC 厂商长期均衡所有的生产要素的数量都是可变的，厂商就可以通过调整自身的规模或改变行业中厂商的数量来消除亏损，或瓜分超额利润，最终使超额利润为零，实现新的均衡，即长期均衡。 条件：MR=AR=MC=AC或MR=AR=LMC=LAC=SMC=SAC 特点： 1在行业达到长期均衡时生存下来的厂商都具有最高的经济效率，最低的成本； 2在行业达到长期均衡时生存下来的厂商只能获得正常利润。如果有超额利润，新的厂商就会被吸引进来，造成整个市场的供给量扩大，使市场价格下降到各个厂商只能获得正常利
8、润为止； 3在行业达到长期均衡时，各个厂商提供的产量，不仅必然是其短期平均成本曲线之最低点的产量，而且必然是其长期平均成本曲线之最低点的产量。厂商可以调整全部生产要素，改变生产规模，从技术、管理等方面取得规模经济，所以厂商总会使自己获得超额利润，加之完全垄断行业在长期内也不可能有其它厂商加入，厂商的超额利润是可以而且应该长期保持的，如果一个完全垄断厂商在长期经营中总收益不能弥补其经济成本，那么，除非政府给予长期补贴，否则它势必会退出此行业。完全垄断行业的长期均衡是以拥有超额利润为特征的。 垄断厂商的长期边际成本曲线LMC与边际收益曲线MR相交于E点，此时，根据利润最大化原则，厂商实现了长期均衡
9、，均衡产量为Q0均衡价格为P0，厂商获得的超额利润为图中阴影部分。 长期均衡的条件是：MR=LMC=SMCWinger Tuivasa-Sheck, who scored two tries in the Kiwis 20-18 semi-final win over England, has been passed fit after a lower-leg injury, while Slater has been named at full-back but is still recovering from a knee injury aggravated against USA.Bot
10、h sides boast 100% records heading into the encounter but Australia have not conceded a try since Josh Charnleys effort in their first pool match against England on the opening day.Aussie winger Jarryd Hayne is the competitions top try scorer with nine, closely followed by Tuivasa-Sheck with eight.B
11、ut it is recently named Rugby League International Federation player of the year Sonny Bill Williams who has attracted the most interest in the tournament so far.The Kiwi - with a tournament high 17 offloads - has the chance of becoming the first player to win the World Cup in both rugby league and
12、rugby union after triumphing with the All Blacks in 2011.Id give every award back in a heartbeat just to get across the line this weekend, said Williams.The (lack of) air up there Watch mCayman Islands-based Webb, the head of Fifas anti-racism taskforce, is in London for the Football Associations 15
13、0th anniversary celebrations and will attend Citys Premier League match at Chelsea on Sunday.I am going to be at the match tomorrow and I have asked to meet Yaya Toure, he told BBC Sport.For me its about how he felt and I would like to speak to him first to find out what his experience was.Uefa haso
14、pened disciplinary proceedings against CSKAfor the racist behaviour of their fans duringCitys 2-1 win.Michel Platini, president of European footballs governing body, has also ordered an immediate investigation into the referees actions.CSKA said they were surprised and disappointed by Toures complai
15、nt. In a statement the Russian side added: We found no racist insults from fans of CSKA. Baumgartner the disappointing news: Mission aborted.The supersonic descent could happen as early as Sunda.The weather plays an important role in this mission. Starting at the ground, conditions have to be very c
16、alm - winds less than 2 mph, with no precipitation or humidity and limited cloud cover. The balloon, with capsule attached, will move through the lower level of the atmosphere (the troposphere) where our day-to-day weather lives. It will climb higher than the tip of Mount Everest (5.5 miles/8.85 kil
17、ometers), drifting even higher than the cruising altitude of commercial airliners (5.6 miles/9.17 kilometers) and into the stratosphere. As he crosses the boundary layer (called the tropopause),e can expect a lot of turbulence.The balloon will slowly drift to the edge of space at 120,000 feet ( Then
18、, I would assume, he will slowly step out onto something resembling an Olympic diving platform.They blew it in 2008 when they got caught cold in the final and they will not make the same mistake against the Kiwis in Manchester.Five years ago they cruised through to the final and so far history has r
19、epeated itself here - the last try they conceded was scored by Englands Josh Charnley in the opening game of the tournament.That could be classed as a weakness, a team under-cooked - but I have been impressed by the Kangaroos focus in their games since then.They have been concentrating on the sort o
20、f stuff that wins you tough, even contests - strong defence, especially on their own goal-line, completing sets and a good kick-chase. Theyve been great at all the unglamorous stuff that often goes unnoticed in the stands but not by your team-mates.It is as though their entire tournament has been pr
21、eparation for the final.In Johnathan Thurston, Cooper Cronk, Cameron Smith and either Billy Slater or Greg Inglis at full-back they have a spine that is unmatched in rugby league. They have played in so many high-pressure games - a priceless asset going into Saturday.The Kiwis are a lot less experienced but winning a dramatic match like their semi-final against England will do wonders for their confidence.They defeated Australia in the Four Nations final in 2010 and the last World Cup, and know they can rise to the big occasion.
