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1、 我也能成为巴赫作曲家大卫科普发明了一个电脑软件，它能编写出古典音乐的原创作品。科普花了 30年才 完成这个软件，现在，科普的电脑写出的作品与德国著名作曲家J.S.巴赫写的作品很相似，很少 有人能分辨出其中不同。这一切始于1980年的美国，那时科普正在写一部戏剧，但是他无法创作出新的旋律.于楚他 编写了一个电脑软件来帮他编曲。最开始的时候，软件写出的乐曲并不动听。科普是怎么做的呢？ 他幵始重新考虑人们作曲的方式。他认识到作曲家的大脑就像一个大数据库，他们先是吸收他们 听过的所有音乐，然后去除他们不喜欢的，最后再根据留下的音乐来创作出新的旋律。科普认为， 只有伟大的作曲家才能建立好的数据库，并且
2、能熟记于心，从而创造出新的音乐。科普根据现有的音乐建立了庞大的数据库，最开始的时候，数据库包含了几百部巴赫的作品。 科普的软件将这些数据进行分析：首先它将音乐拆解成小的片段，从中找出固定模式，然后将片 段组合成新的模式。不久，这个软件就能够写出和巴赫风格很像的小曲子。它们并不完美，但这 只是个开始。科普知道，他要做的还有很多一他得写出一整部歌剧。他进一步完普他的软件，不久它就 能够写出更复杂的音乐了。他还在数据库中加人了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。几年后，科普的软件“艾米”已经能够帮助他创作歌剧了。创作过程餹要作曲家和艾米共同 配合。科赘聆听艾米写出的音乐片段，从中选取他认为
3、好的。有了艾米的帮助，科蓊只用了两个 星期就完成了这部歌剧，叫做摇篮坠落。演出获得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以来最高 的评价，但是没有人知道他究竟是怎样创作出这部歌剧的。从那以后，艾米已经写了上千部作品。科普现在依然会给艾米反馈，吿诉她自己哪些音乐是 他喜欢的，哪些是不喜欢的，但是现在大部分艰巨的工作是由艾米来完成的！家庭在全世界，甚至在同一个社会中，家庭结构有着不同的形式。家庭的构成形式随着不断变化 的社会和经济影响而改变。直到最近，北美洲最普遍的家庭形式为核心家庭，由一对夫妇和他们 未婚的孩子构成。核心家庭是一个独立的单位。它必须能够照料自己。家庭成员紧密依赖着彼此。 在紧急情况下，外界
4、提供给家庭的帮助微乎其微。核心家庭中，只有当条件允许的时候，才会照 料家中年长的亲属。在北美洲，老人很少和家人一起生活，他们般住在退休社区和养老机构。在工业社会，例如北美洲，核心家庭之间有很多相似点。在居住在恶劣环境中的因纽特人的 社会中，家庭间也有很多相似点。核心家庭结构良好地适应于流动性的生活。在恶劣的条件下， 流动性能让一个家庭吃饱饭。对北美洲人来说，找工作和提高社会地位同样需要流动性。核心家庭并不总是北美洲人的标准。在农业社会时期，小型的核心家庭经常是大家庭的一部 分。其中可能包括了祖父母、父母、兄弟姐妹、叔伯、阿姨以及表兄弟姐妹。在现在的北美洲， 单亲家庭的数目大幅度增加。由核心家庭
5、构成的单亲家庭的数目是美国由于离婚、分居或者未婚 导致的单亲家庭的两倍。不仅在北美洲，在世界范围内，家庭结构都会随着不断变化的条件而改变。讲述可怕的过去分析和诠释历史并不是小说家的工作。然而通过用一种生动有趣的方式来描写过去，小说家 可以重现早斯时代，并引起读者的重视。在叙述历史的作家中，有一些黑人作家试图从不同的角 度审视奴隶制。诺贝尔奖获得者托妮莫里森在她的作品宠儿中专门阐述了奴隶制问题。小说的主人公 叫塞丝，她以前是个奴隶，内战之后住在俄亥俄，但是她无法让自己从可怕的记忆中解脱出来。 通过一系列的倒序和痛苦的回忆，读者了解到赛丝为什么以及怎样逃出她赖以生存的种植园，她 那同样试图逃出来的
6、丈夫的命运，以及最后发生在叫做宠儿的孩子身上的事情。莫里森对奴隶受 折磨和遭谋杀的场景描写得很生动，充分地表达出奴隶们的绝望以及奴隶主的残酷。查尔斯约翰逊的小说中途从另一个不同的角度来描写奴隶制，但同样充满着暴力。他 的主人公叫做卢瑟福卡尔霍恩，是一个游手好闲、身份自由的美国黑人。他偷偷登上了一艘开 往非洲贩卖奴隶的船只。被发现后，他开始为之工作，并亲眼目睹了非洲人被抓起来，然后被运 送到美国这种可怕的状况。当非洲人最终抵抗并占有了船只后，他发现了自己的中间性并且 被迫与他自己的身份和价值观念妥协。不论是宠儿还是中途读起来都不轻松，但是它们都是非裔美国作家努力为现代观众 重现重要历史的典范之作
7、。看许久以前的世界如果你喜欢读类似亚瑟弗洛梅尔或尤金弗多这些令人熟知的作家写的旅行图书，那么你 就不会惊讶于旅行写作那悠长、令人肃然起敬的历史。几乎从最早有记载的时期开始，人们就发 现，他们对去一个陌生地方旅行的记录是不乏读者的。公元前后的希腊地理学家、历史学家斯特雷波，就是最早的旅行作家之一。虽然斯特雷波因 从黑海的东部出发，西至意大利1南至埃塞俄比亚而闻名，他也借鉴了其他作者的记录来使他的 作品内容更丰富生动。他的多卷著作地理是唯一一部记录当时世界上城市、人、风俗、地理 特征的作品。大概同时期的另两位优秀的旅行作家是意大利人马可波罗和摩洛哥人伊本白图泰。马 可波罗在公元1275年同他的父亲
8、和叔叔去了中国，在那里待了十六七年，在这期间他也去了一 些其他国家。回到意大利后,他向一位作家口述了他旅行的回忆以及从别人那里听到的故事，最 终马可波罗游记问世，迅速红了起来。虽然很难证实他所说的是否都属实，但马可的书促 使欧洲人开始了他们伟大的航海探索之旅。 伊本白图泰在1325年出发去麦加朝圣，从此开始了他的旅行。在他的有生之年，他去了所 有的穆斯林国家旅行。他的书伊本白图泰游记记载了沙漠旅行、宫廷阴谋，甚至包括他游 历过的地方受黑死病的影响。据估计，在差不多30年里，伊本白图泰的旅行行程有7万5千多 英里。只好向上想到一个现代化的城市首先进入脑海的就是它的空中轮廓线。幢幢高楼如根根插入天
9、空的手 指一般。确实有些城市因不愿改变城市固有的风格而不允许建筑物超出一定的高度。但任何一个 城市想要引起世界关注，第一件事就是建造摩天大楼。当人口在城市聚集时，就产生了对土地的需求。城市是资本的聚集地，对土地的需求可以实 现。而在城市利用土地赚钱最好的方法就是在最小的土地面积上居住最多的人。这就意味着要建 高楼。早在19世纪建造高楼的技术已经存在，但楼房的高度还受一个很重要的因素的制约。那就是 楼房必须能让顶层的居民上下方便，人们下班回家后肯定不想像爬山那样去爬楼梯。美国发明家艾莉莎?奥的斯为我们创造了电梯，他更喜欢叫它升降机。其实其中大部分技术 都是很古老的，电梯使用的是跟埃及人修建金字塔
10、同样的滑轮系统。奥的斯所作的贡献是将滑轮 系统与一个蒸汽机连接起来制成一个刹车装置确保电梯上的链条断开时电梯不会坠落。正是这项 技术赢得了人们对这项新发明的信心。事实上他在游乐场里让大家试乘了几年才把这个想法出售 给建筑师和营造商。电梯在现代社会肯定不能成为主题公园的看点了，乘电梯也成了再普通不过的事情，有时甚 至会让人觉得厌烦。然而心理学家及其他研究人类行为的学者则发现了电梯的妙处。原因很简单。 科学家经常在动物园里研究动物，而对于研究人类来说，最接近的方式就是在电梯里观察他们。工作场所心理学家贾利?菲茨基波恩说：“电梯空间狭小，人们想要享受私人空间的要求在 这里成了幻想，你不可能选择随意离
11、开那里。”他还指出人被封闭在这个小空间里会产生很多不 同的情绪。有些人会感到害怕，有些人则把它当作接近老板的好机会。有些人喜欢站在靠门的地 方,有些人则藏在角落里。大部分的人试图混在人群里，而有些人特意表现以引起别人的注意， 还有的人索性靠在角落记笔记。不要担心，他们可能只是大学里的研究者。服务业的重要性美国已经跨越了工业经济的阶段，成为世界上第一个服务型经济的国家。几乎3/4的非农业 劳动力受雇于服务业。服务业的产值在国民生产总值中所占比例已超过2/3。而且，服务业的工 作往往要比从事生产有形商品的工作更能经受经济萧条的打击。从1966年至1986年这20年间，美国新增加了大约3 600万个
12、工作，比日本和西欧合起来还 多。这些工作约有90%是服务性行业。在这同一时期，有2 200万妇女也加入到劳动大军中来， 其中有97%在服务业工作。这种就业趋势可望持续到2000年。美国劳动统计局预测，在1986年 至2000年期间，大约将增加2 100万个工作，其中93%在服务业。而且，服务行业就业率的这种爆炸性增长大部分并不是低薪的工作。这与许多经济学家、商 人、工会首脑和政界人士的观点相反。这些人争论说，已经是美国中产阶级经济基础的生产性工 作正在消失。他们声称，产业工人正被一大群低工资的打工仔所代替。的确，生产性工作已经减 少，有些生产性工作流向了茵外。也确实有一些低报酬的服务型工作巳经
13、有所增长。然而像厨师 和售货员仍然仅占美国当今劳工队伍的1%。而且多年来发展最快的职业种类一直是“职业性的、 技术性的以及有关的工作”。这些工作的报酬高于平均工资，而它们大部分都在服务业。消费开支大约有1/2是以购买服务为目的的。到2000年的规划表明，服务业将吸引一个更大 的消费开支份额。服务型公司繁荣发展的一个缺点是，大部分服务的价格比大部分有形商品的价 格上涨要快得多。如果近年来你的汽车或彩电修理过，你的鞋子打过后掌或者你支付过医药费， 毫无疑问你会清楚这一点。如果我们说服务几乎占了消费开支的一半时，我们仍然没能充分表明服务业的经济重要性。 这些数字没有包括大量的用于商业性服务的开支。根
14、据所有的迹象来看，商业性服务的开支比消 费服务的开支增长得更快些。第一篇 A Life with Birds For nearly 17 years David Cope has worked as one of the Tower of Londons yeoman warders, better known to tourists as beefeaters. David, 64, lives in a three-bedroomed flat right at the top of the Byward Tower, one of the gatehouses. form our bed
15、room we have a marvellous view of Tower Bridge and the Thames, says David. The Tower of London is famous for its ravens, the large black birds which have lived there for over three centuries. David was immediately fascinated by the birds and when he was offered the post of Raven Master eight years a
16、go he had no hesitation in accepting it. The birds have now become my life and Im always aware of the fact that I am maintaining a tradition. The legend says that if the ravens leave the Tower, England will fall to enemies, and its my job to make sure this doesnt happen! David devotes about four hou
17、rs a day to the care of the ravens. He has grown to love them and the fact that he lives right next to them is ideal. I can keep a close eye on them all the time, and not just when Im working. At first, Davids wife Mo was not keen on the idea of life in the Tower, but she too will be sad to leave wh
18、en he retires next year. When we look out of our windows, we see history all around us, and we are taking it in and storing it up for our future memories. 第二篇 A Lucky Break Actor Antonio Banderas is used to breaking bones, and it always seems to happen when hes doing sport. In the film Play It to th
19、e Bone he plays the part of a middleweight boxer alongside Woody Harrelson. During the making of the film Harrelson kept complaining that the fight Scenes werent very convincing, so one day he suggested that he and Banderas should have a fight for real. The Spanish actor wasnt keen on the idea at fi
20、rst, but he was eventually persuaded by his co-star to put on his gloves and climb into the boxing ring. However, when he realized how seriously his opponent was taking it all, he began to regret his decision to fight. And then in the third round, Harrelson hit Banderas so hard in the face that he a
21、ctually broke his nose. His wife, actress Melanie Griffith, was furious that he had been playing silly macho games. She was right, confesses Banderas, and I was a fool to take a risk like that in the middle of a movie. He was reminded of the time he broke his leg during a football match in his nativ
22、e Malaga. He had always dreamed of becoming a soccer star, of performing in front of a big crowd, but doctors told him his playing days were probably over. Thats when I decided to take up acting; I saw it as another way of performing, and achieving recognition. What happened to me on that football p
23、itch was, you might say, my first lucky break.第三篇 Global Warming Few people now question the reality of global warming and its effects on the worlds climate. Many scientistsputthe blame for recent natural disasters on the increase in the worlds temperatures and are convinced that, more than ever bef
24、ore, the Earth is at risk from the forces of the wind, rain and sun. According to them, global warming is making extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and droughts, even more severe and causing sea levels all around the world to rise . Environmental groups are putting presure on governments to
25、take action to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide which is given off by factories and power plants, thus attacking the problem at its source. They are in favour of more money being spent on research into solar, wind and wave energy devices, which could then replace existing power stations . Some sc
26、ientists, however believe that even if we stopped releasing carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere tomorrow, we would have to wait several hundred years to notice the results. Global warming, it seems, is here to stay. 第四篇 A Success StoryAt 19, Ben Way is already a millionaire, and one o
27、f a growing number of teenagers who have made Their fortune through the Internet. what makes Bens story all the more remarkable is that he is dyslexic, and was told by teachers at his junior school that he would never be able to read or write properly . I wanted to prove them wrong , says Ben, creat
28、or and director of Waysearch, a net search engine which can be used to find goods in online shopping malls. When he was eight, his local authorities provided him with a PC to help with school work. Although he was unable to read the manuals, he had a natural ability with the computer, and encouraged
29、 by his father, he soon began charging people $l0 an hour for his knowledge and skills. At the age of 15 he set up his own computer consultancy, Quad Computer, which he ran from his bedroom, and two years later he left school to devote all his time to business. By this time the company had grown and
30、 I needed to take on a couple of employees to help me, says Ben. That enabled me to start doing business with bigger companies.” It was. his ability to consistently overcome difficult challenges that led him to win the Young Entrepreneur of the Year award in the same year that he formed Waysearch, a
31、nd he has recently signed a deal worth $25 million with a private investment company, which will finance his search engine.第五篇 Traffic in Our Cities The volume of traffic in many cities in the world today continues to expand. This causes many problems, including serious air pollution, lengthy delays
32、, and the greater risk of accidents. Clearly, something must be done, but it is often difficult to persuade people to change their habits and leave their cars at home. One possible approach is to make it more expensive for people to use their cars by increasing charges for parking and bringing in to
33、ugher fines for anyone who breaks the law. In addition, drivers could be required to pay for using particular routes at different times of the day. This system, known as road pricing, is already being introduced in a number of cities, using a special electronic card fixed to the windscreen of the ca
34、r. Another way of dealing with the problem is to provide cheap parking on the outskirts of the city, and strictly control the number of vehicles allowed into the centre. Drivers and their passengers then use a special bus service for the final stage of their journey. Of course, the most important th
35、ing is to provide good public transport. However, to get people to give up the comfort of their cars, public transport must be felt to be reliable, convenient and comfortable, with fares kept at an acceptable level.*第八篇 Look on The Bright Side Do you ever wish you were more optimistic(adj.乐观的，乐观主义的)
36、, someone who always expected to be successful? Having someone around who always fears the worst isnt really a lot of fun . We all know someone who sees a single cloud on a sunny day and says, It looks like rain. But if you catch yourself thinking such things,its important to do something about it(代
37、前面整句话，指这个状况、情况、事实).You can change your view of life, according to psychologists(心理学家). It only takes a little effort, and youll find life more rewarding(adj.有益的，值得的，有报酬的) as a result . Optimism，they say，is partly about self-respect and confidence but its also a more positive way of looking at life a
38、nd all it has to offer . Optimists are more likely to start new projects and are generally more prepared to take risks. Upbringing(教养，养育，抚育) is obviously(adv.明显地，显然地) very important in forming your attitude to the world. Some people are brought up to depend too much on others and grow up(成长) forever
39、 blaming(v.责备，归咎于) other people when anything goes wrong. Most optimists,on the _other hand, have been brought up not to regard failure as the end of the worldthey just get on with their lives. *第七篇 The Difference between Man and Computer What makes people different from computer programs? What is t
40、he missing element(n.元素，成分，要素) that our theories dont yet account_ for? The answer is simple: People read newspaper stories for a reason: to learn more about _ what_ they are interested in. Computers, on the other hand, dont. In fact, computers dont even have interests;there is nothing in particular
41、(尤其, 特别) that they are trying to find out when they read. If a computer program_ is to be a model of story understanding, it should also read for a purpose.Of course, people have several goals that do not make sense to attribute to computers. One might read a restaurant guide in order to satisfy hun
42、ger or entertainment(n.娱乐，消遣) goals, or to find a good place to go for a business lunch. Computers do not get hungry, and computers do not have business lunches.However, these physiological(adj.生理学的,生理的) and social goals give rise to several intellectual(adj.智力的，聪明的) or cognitive(adj.认知的，认识上的) goals
43、. A goal to satisfy hunger gives rise to(引起, 导致) goals to find information about the name of a restaurant which serves the desired type of food, how expensive the restaurant is,the location of the restaurant, etc. These are goals to _ acquire information or knowledge, what we are calling learning _
44、goals. These goals can be held by computers too; a computer might_ want to find out the location of a restaurant, and read a guide in order to do so in the same way as a person might. While such a goal would not arise out of hunger in the case of the computer, it might well(很可能) arise out of the goa
45、l to learn more about restaurants.*第九篇 The First Bicycle第一辆自行车 The history of the bicycle goes back more than 200 years. In 1791, Count(伯爵) de Sivrac delighted onlookers(观众) in a park in Paris as he showed off his two-wheeled invention, a machine called the celerifer. It was basically an enlarged ve
46、rsion of a childrens toy which had been in use for many years. Sivracs celerifer had a wooden frame, made in the shape of a horse,which was mounted on a wheel at either endTo ride it, you sat on a small seat, just like a modem bicycle,and pushed hard against the ground with your legsthere were no pe
47、dals(踏板，脚蹬子). It was impossible to steer(驾驶，操纵，控制) a celerifer and it had no brakes(闸，刹车),but despite these problems the invention very much appealed to the fashionable young men of Paris. Soon they were holding races up and down the streets. Minor injuries were common as riders attempted a final burst(爆发，突发，爆炸) of speed . Controlling the machine was difficult, as the only way to change direction was to pull up the front of the celerifer and turn it round while the front wheel was spinning in the air. Celerifers were not popular for long,however,as the combination of no
