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1、Chapter 3:Phonetics,哈师大西语学院 田延明,The study of speech sounds。,Phonetics,-Chapter Three,Contents,I.Definition of Phonetics;II.International Phonetic Alphabet;III.Branches of Phonetics;IV.Articulatory Phonetics.,语音学就是对在所有人类语言或某种语言中用来表意的语音的科学研究。,I.Definition of Phonetics,Phonetics is the scientific study
2、 of speech sounds which are used by all human languages or by a particular language to represent meanings.,II.International Phonetic Alphabet,2.1 What is it?;2.2 Why do we use it?;2.3 How do we use it?.,国际音标字母表,2.1 What is it?,International Phonetic Alphabet(shortened as IPA)is the phonetic alphabet
3、 designed by the International Phonetic Association(also shortened as IPA)in 1888 to be used to represent the sounds found in all human languages.,2.2 Why do we use it?,The first reason is that there is usually a discrepancy between pronunciation and spelling of many languages;The second reason is t
4、hat we need an orthography as far as linguistic study is concerned.,2.3 How do we use it?,Broad Phonetic Transcription:is that which only transcribes the sounds that contrast words in meaning without providing any details,e.g.pen;,Narrow Phonetic Transcription:is that which not only transcribes the
5、sounds that contrast words in meaning but also provides the details by using diacritics,e.g.ph.,宽式标音法,严式标音法,.,Diacritics（变音符）,are the additional markings on written symbols to specify various phonetic properties such as length,tone,stress,nasalization,etc.Examples are i:,and,etc.,III.Branches of Pho
6、netics,Articulatory PhoneticsAcoustic PhoneticsAuditory Phonetics,Articulatory Phonetics（发音语音学）:is the study of the way in which speech sounds are made by the vocal organs;from the speakers point of view,“how speakers produce speech sounds”Acoustic Phonetics（声学语音学）:is the study of the physical prope
7、rties of speech sounds as transmitted between mouth and ear;from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another.Auditory Phonetics（听觉语音学）:is the study of the perceptual response to speech sounds as mediated by ear,auditory nerve and brain；from the hearers point of view
8、,“how sounds are perceived,Sound articulation(speakers perspective),Sound transmission(medium),Sound perception(hearers perspective),IV.Articulatory Phonetics,4.1 Articulatory Organs;4.2 English Consonants;4.3 English Vowels;4.4 Natural Classes of Sounds;4.5 Binary Feature Description of Sounds.,Ora
9、l Cavity（口腔）,Pharynx（咽）,Larynx（喉）vocal cords&glottis,Nasal Cavity（鼻腔）,The Four Cavities,10.Larynx（喉）,The Speech Organs,1.Lips（唇）,2.Teeth（齿）,3.Alveolar ridge（齿龈）,7.Tip of the tongue（舌尖）,4.Palate（硬腭）,8.Blade of the tongue（舌面）,9.Back of the tongue（舌背）,11.Pharynx（咽）,12.Nasal cavity（鼻腔）,.,5.Velum（软腭）,6.U
10、vula（小舌）,.,.,.,Anatomy of the Vocal Tract,Anatomy of the larynx,Vocal Cords and Glottis,声带,声门,4.2 English Consonants,4.2.1 Definition;4.2.2 Subdivisions;4.2.3 Some other issues.,辅音就是发音过程中声道闭塞或变窄，气流或被完全阻塞或受阻到产生可闻摩擦的程度时发出的音。,4.2.1 Definition,A consonant is a speech sound made by a closure or narrowing
11、 in the vocal tract so that the airflow is either completely blocked,or so restricted that audible friction is produced.,4.2.2 Subdivisions,4.2.2.1 Places of articulation（发音部位）:It means the part of the vocal tract at which the airstream is constricted,obstructed or blocked;,TABLE,4.2.2.2 Manners of
12、articulation（发音方式）:It means the way the airstream is obstructed as it travels through the vocal tract.,The place of articulation,Bilabial;Labiodental;Dental or interdental;Alveolar;Palatoalveolar;Palatal;Velar;Uvular;Glottal.,4.2.2.1 Places of articulation,Bilabials（双唇音）:p b m w;Labiodentals（唇齿音）:f
13、v;Interdentals（齿间音）:;Alveolars（齿龈音）:t d n s z l r;Palatals（硬腭音）:j;Velars（软腭音）:k g;Glottal（声门音）:h.,Bilabials:p,b,m,1.Bilabial:the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the two lips.E.g.A big pear;push the buttons;happy news;a pink bag;pile the books,shabby equipmentsPeter is picking pears and pum
14、pkins.Billy burst his big beautiful blue balloon.Peggy has promised to play the harp and make everybody happy.The robber broke into the bank,but was caught by the police.,Me,men,more,moon,mother,music,him,farm,warm,room,come,game,small,coming,number,something,seemed,simple,Commune members;a warm mot
15、her;on the moon,memorable summers,a small woman;at my home.Jim has come for more music Since time immemorial,the moon has moved the men to make poems.Tom is coming with some ham and marmalade.That team leader is from the No.9 Farm in Inner Mongolia.,Labiodentals（唇齿音）:f v;,.Labiodental:the obstructio
16、n of the airstream is caused by the lower lip and the upper front teeth.e.g.Fee/veal;fan/van;fail/vale;leaf/leave;calf/carve;safe/save;refuse/reviews,A vast field;fig leaves;very fast;a fine vase;five knives;very vain.Fanny cut half a loaf with a fine knife.Frances covered her face with a veil.Phili
17、ps van delivers vegetables and fruit every day.Victor is a very efficient man.,Interdentals（齿间音）:;,Put the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth allowing the air to pass between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth.thieves;these;thanks;than;wreath,breathe,tooth,smooth,nothing,moth
18、er,method,leather,Arthur,father.,This thing,these thieves,a thousand thanks,that thumb,those themes,the third birth.His father and mother went through thick and thin.Something is better than nothing.Arthur is now breathing smoothly.Those clothes arent worth anything.,Alveolars（齿龈音）:t d n s z l r;,t/
19、d:the stop is made by holding the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge.Tear/dare,tear/dear,seat/seed,bet/bed/,hat/had,writer/rider,putting/pudding,centre/senderA bright lad;hot bread,pick up the bag,a back seat,cold tea,heat up the food.The timid rat is scared to death.The cart got stuck in the
20、 mud.Dont waste time chatting all day long.Teddy hurt his foot and was taken to the doctor.,n,The mouth is blocked by pressing the tip of the tongue against the teeth ridge.Neck,not,name,night,new,near,seen,on,can,gone,soon,even,lesson,meaning,any,under,envelope,went,handle.A nice tune,wonderful new
21、s,under the sun,a moon-lit night,fine nylon,in the rainNorman can name nearly all the American novels of the 19th century.When we have any news of your cousin,well send you a line.Nine men and eleven women climbed the mountains in the snow.Soon well finish the lesson and you can go and play in the s
22、unshine.,s,z,Raise the tip of the tongue towards the upper teeth ridge with the air coming out of the narrow passage between them.Sink/zinc,said/zed,sown/zone,close(adj)/close(verb),loose/lose,bus/buzz,place/plays,nicer/miserA nice song,sisters and brothers,whose desks,a zigzag path,seas and oceans,
23、Susans zippers.,Cindy collects all sorts of stamps.Seven silly skunks sighed sadly.Sam,pass me the salt please.Sally always suffers from sea-sickness when she is at sea.Tongue twister:She sell seashells on the seashore.And the shells she sells are seashells,Im sureIf she sells shells at the seashore
24、,The shells she sells are seashells,for sure.,l,The sound is so called because it is formed laterally(that is,at the sides of the tongue).Place the tip of the tongue on the upper teeth ridge,and let the voiced breath come over the relaxed sides of the tongue.In English there are two types of l sound
25、:the clearl and dark l.They differ from each other in the position of the rest of tongue.When l occurs before a vowel,the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate;when it occurs before and consonant or in a final position,the front of the tongue is slightly hollowed,and the back is rais
26、ed towards the soft palate.,Leave,let,last,long,look,lose,believe,color,follow,polite,careless early.Meal,fill,well,girl,awful,apple,field,milk,else.A polite girl,a blind lion,live and learn,an awful child,a lame calf,love and help.Dont cry over spilt milk.Tell William to fill the kettle with water
27、from the well.Lily had an awful fall and hurt her leg terribly.Leave the little lad alone.Hell soon be all right.,r,Put the tip of the tongue near,but not touching,the back part of the upper teeth ridge;the main body of the tongue is kept low and the front is held concave allowing air to escape.Read
28、,risk,rat,rod,road,raw,ready,rather,borrow,carry,poorer,firingA red ribbon,bride and bridegroom,raw material,a pretty rose,prince and princess,brown bread.Roy borrowed a rod to hit the rat.Rita reads nursery rhymes to her children every night.They rode in the truck to see if the crops were ripe.Mary
29、 rose at the daybreak and put on her red dress.,Palatals（硬腭音）:j;,Push out the lips;raised the tip of the tongue toward the front part of the hard palate forming a narrow channel.Precious,treasure,vacation,occasion,desertion,decision,commotion,explosionA short vacation,precious treasures,wash the she
30、ep,a shocking decision,harsh measures,show the ship.Sheep couldnt sleep in a shack,but in a shed.Surely the sun shall shine soon.This shop sells the latest fashion of shirts and shorts.She shuddered and shivered when she heard the shocking explosion.,The stop is made by the front part of the tongue
31、against the teeth ridge and then the air is slowly released,and it escapes over the surface of the tongue.Chin/gin,cheer/jeer.choke/joke,catch/cadge,larch/large,rich/ridge,riches/ridges,batches/badges,etching/edging.A large college,June and July,reach the village,a cheap jeep,chin and jaw,choose a c
32、oach.,The soldiers crossed a large bridge and marched to the edge of the village.Jane had chicken and French fries for lunch.The rich merchant went to the beach with the judge.John urged Joan to buy a digital watch.,j;,The front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate and the breath is force
33、d out with voice.Yet,yard,yours,you,year,tune,cure,suit,few,beauty,beyondA new suit,in New York,a year in the new unit,a yellow yolk,in Europe,a yacht in the shipyard.Yale University is not in the State of New York.The young girl is spinning yarn in the courtyard.The new students are arguing about t
34、hings in their union.These fields yield good crops.,Velars（软腭音）:k g;,k/g:the stop is made by holding back of tongue against the soft palate.Card/guard,curl/girl,cave/gave,back/bag,dock/dog,pick/pig,anke/angle,ticking/diggingA kind girl,thick sticks,take a look,a sick worker,black dogs,carry a dog.Al
35、l that glitters is not gold.A good beginning makes a good ending.Take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves.,The mouth is blocked by the back of the tongue pressed against the soft palate.Sing,hang,strong,doing,trying,singer,hanging,stronger,England,finger,drank,ink.Sing a so
36、ng,a strange king,a young singer,hang the ring,a strong wing,a long finger.The banker from England is singing and dancing.A thousand thanks for your charming songs.The long string is hanging from the ceiling.The longer his face is,the angrier he becomes.,Glottal（声门音）:h.,Open the mouth and sigh in a
37、relax manner,without voice.He,his,head,hot,home,high,hair,ahead,behind,perhaps,unhappy,behave.A high hill,hit it hard,behind the house,a huge head,hold it high,halfway down the hall.He is holding a hat in his hand.Helen hit the head of the nail with a heavy hammer.Perhaps Harvey is unhappy at homeTh
38、e hunter and his huge horse hid behind the house.,Place of articulation,1.Bilabial:the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the two lips such as the production of the sounds p,b,mof the English words:pie,buy,my2.Labiodental:the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the lower lip and the upp
39、er front teeth.such as in the production off,vof the English words:five,very.3.interdental:the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the tongue and tip or blade and the upper front teeth.Such as in the production of the of the English words“thigh,thy”,4.Alveolar:the obstruction of the airstream
40、is caused by the tongue tip or blade and the alveolar ridge,such as in the production of t,d,n,s,z,l,r of the English words“tie,die,lie,nigh,sigh,zero”5.retroflex(卷舌音）：the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the underside of the tongue tip and the back of the alveolar ridge.t,d,r6.palato-alveo
41、lar:the obstruction of the airstream is caused by the tongue blade and the back of the alveolar ridge.Such as in the production of,7 palatal:the front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate to obstruct the airstream.j in“yes,you”,8.Velar:the back of the tongue is raised so that it touched t
42、he soft palate to obstruct the airstream.k,g,in sick,big,and sing.,4.2.2.2 Manners of articulation,Stops（爆破音）:Oral stops:p b t d k g;Nasal stops:m n;Fricatives（摩擦音）:f v s z h;Affricates（破擦音）:;Liquids（流音）:l r;Glides（滑音）:j w;Voiceless vs.Voiced Sounds（清/浊音）.,Stops are the sounds in which the airflow i
43、s briefly but completely stopped in the oral cavity.,Fricatives are the sounds produced with so narrow a constriction in the vocal tract as to create sound through friction.,Affricates are the sounds produced by a stop closure followed immediately by a slow release characteristic of a fricative.,Liq
44、uids are all of the apico-alveolar sounds that release the airstream from one or both sides of the mouth.,Glides are sounds produced with little or no obstruction of the airstream that is always preceded or followed by a vowel.,Voiceless sounds are those produced with open,non-vibrating vocal cords;
45、while voiced sounds with vibrating vocal cords.,.,Table of English Consonants,Voiceless bilabial stop,Voiced bilabial stop,Voiceless alveolar stop,Voiced alveolar stop,Voiceless velar stop,Voiced velar stop,bilabial nasal,alveolar nasal,velar nasal,voiceless labiodental fricative,voiced labiodental
46、fricative,voiceless interdental fricative,voiced interdental fricative,voiceless alveolar fricative,voiced alveolar fricative,voiceless palatal fricative,voiced palatal fricative,glottal fricative,voiceless palatal affricate,voiced palatal affricate,lateral（旁流音）,retroflex（卷舌音）,bilabial glide,palatal
47、 glide,.,Description of the English consonants,English consonants can be classified according to 1.the points of articulation2.the manners of articulation3.the state of the vocal cords,Points of articulation,1.bilabial(two lips)2.labio-dental(top teeth/bottom lip)3.dental(tongue tip/top teeth)4.alve
48、olar(tongue tip/tooth ridge)5.post alveolar(tongue tip or mid/hard palate)6.palatal(tongue mid/hard palate)7.velar(tongue back/soft palate)8.glottal,Manners of articulation,1.Stops(or plosives)2.Fricatives3.Affricates4.Nasals5.Lateral6.Approximants,English Consonants,1.Stops/Plosives-English has six
49、 bursts or explosive sounds produced by complete closure of the vocal tract followed by a rapid release of the closure-p,t,k,b,d,g.2.Fricatives-English has nine fricatives-weak or strong friction noises produced when the articulators are close enough together to cause turbulence in the airflow.3.Aff
50、ricates-English has two affricates-plosives released with frication-church and judge.4.Nasals-English has three nasals in which the airflow is blocked completely at some point in the oral tract,but in which the lowering of the velum allows a weak flow of energy to pass through the nose.5.Approximant
