《Insect IdentificationPesticide Safety Education … .ppt》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《Insect IdentificationPesticide Safety Education … .ppt（55页珍藏版）》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、Pesticide Formulations and Adjuvants,Montana State UniversityPesticide Safety Education Program,What is a formulation?,How a pesticide is packaged.Contains:Active IngredientInert Ingredient,Active Ingredients,Has the pesticide effectIts on the labelProperties of the a.i.influences the type offormula
2、tion,Inert Ingredients,“Inactive”ingredients mixed with a.i.To makeformulation easier to handle or store.Toxic or non-toxic,Types of Formulations,WetMore easily absorbedDryMore easily inhaled,Liquid Formulations(Wet),EC emulsifiable concentrateS soluble,Soluble,Advantage:Will not separate or settle
3、out when mixed with water.Not as harmful to non-target plantsand animalsDisadvantage:Not many disadvantages.Readily absorbs into skin,Emulsified Concentrates,ADVANTAGES Little agitation required.Wont settle out when equipment is turned off.Relatively non-abrasive.Easy to handle,store and transportDI
4、SADVANTAGES Because of the solvents and emulsifiers,ECs are a hazardto non-target plants and animals.Easily absorbed through skin of plants and humans.Solvents may cause rubber or plastic hoses&gaskets todeteriorate.,Dry Formulations,WP Wettable powderF or DF Dry FlowableWDG Water Dispersible Granul
5、eD-DustP or G Pellets or GranulesM or ME Micro-Encapsulated,Wettable Powders,ADVANTAGES Easy to store&transport.Smaller packaging.Wontfreeze.Less inert ingredients in formulation.Lower toxicity to plants than liquid formulations.The inert ingredients,clay or talc,are generally harmless toplantsDISAD
6、VANTAGESInhalation hazard when pouring and mixing.Its dry!Needs vigorous&constant agitation in the spray tank.Abrasive to many pumps and nozzles.,Flowable,ADVANTAGES Easy to handle and apply Seldom clogs nozzles.Finer ground carrier.DISADVANTAGESMay leave visible residue.Requires agitation,Effects o
7、f Different Formulations,FormulationsHazardsPhytoxEquipmentAgitateCompactableM or ME Dermal Safe okYes FairG or P Inhale Safe NA NA NAD Inhale Safe NA NA NAS Dermal Safe Non-abrasive No FairF or FL Dermal Maybe abrasive Yes FairEC Dermal Maybe Seals,gaskets No FairWP Inhale Safe abrasive Yes High,In
8、teraction problems with combining Formulations,Additive effectsSynergistic responsesAntagonismEnhancement,Adjuvants,Additives that are added to a spray solution in order to enhance or modify the performance of the spray mixture.#1-Surfactants/wetting agents#2-Oils#3-Fertilizers#4 Utility Anti-foamin
9、g agentsCompatibility agents Drift control agents Emulsification aidsSuspension aids,#1 Surfactants/Oils,A broad category of adjuvants that facilitate and enhance the absorbing,emulsifying,dispersing,spreading,sticking,wetting and penetrating properties of pesticides.Some pesticides like Roundup Pro
10、 already have surfactants added.(14.5%),Why Surfactants,Because of the high surface tension of water,spray mixture droplets maintain their roundness and can sit on the leaf hairs or leaf surface without much of the mixture actually contacting the leaf.Surfactants reduce angle and promote more absorp
11、tion,Tips continued,CostsGenerally,non-ionic surfactants and crop oil concentrates are the least expensiveNitrogen surfactants,esterified crop oils,organosilicones(most expensive)What conditions follow an application?Max rainfastness:esterified seed oils,organo-silicones,nitrogen surfactantsNot all
12、surfactants have the same amount of rainfastness,What formulation is this?,FLOWABLEDERMAL ABSORPTION,Examples:Bravo 720 F fungicideFuradan 4 F insecticide,Question#2What formulation is this?,Powdered Hand SoapWettable PowderEasily Inhaled,Examples:Sevin 50 W insecticideKerb 50 W herbicideSniper 50 W
13、 insecticide,READ THE LABEL,This will give you an idea of what type of adjuvant if any should be used.,Questions,What is this?,Union Carbide Pesticide Manufacturing PlantDecember 3rd,19848,000 initial dead15,000 more within 10 years500,000 suffer injurieswater wells near the site show overall chemic
14、al contamination to be 500 times higher than the maximum limits recommended by the World Health Organization.cancer,genetic defects(birth defects),and liver and kidney damage.,Bhopal,India Disaster,Any Problems?,How does this relate to you,We drink well water50%of Montana Citizens drink well water95
15、%of those living in agricultural communitiesRestricted Use Applicators of Major Concern in Montana Ag.AreasYou are the greatest risk factor for your own health,Spill What do we do?,Stepped ConcernsSafetyControlContainmentReportingCleanupHave On HandAbsorbentShovelBagsEmergency Contacts,How do we red
16、uce risk?,#1 Mixing&Loading Locations#2-Filling Tanks#3 Read Label,Mixing/Loading Sites,Back Siphonage,Read Label,Proper Mixing and Storage,What factors are at play in groundwater contamination?,#1 Pesticide Factors-Persistence-Mobility-Rate#2 Soil Factors-Texture/OM/Cracked Soil#3 Site Conditions-W
17、eather-Shallow Groundwater,RATE and Infiltration,Infiltration and Texture,Types of Soil Texture&Permeability,Adsorption to Organic Matter,Leaching Potential,Runoff Risk,Detected in Montana?,Picloram,What are variables are,Check your rates,Case Study Tordon 1pt/A,Case Study Tordon 2qt/A,Fish at risk
18、as well!,Some chemicals are labeled for use on Riparian areas,2.4-D AquaticRodeoBanvelEscort,TellarKrenitePlateauRoundup,Dont be complacent,Can happen to anyone in many situations,Bhopal RECAP,Groundwater contamination has many affects varying on contaminant involvedElderly,and children at most risk,Contact Information,MSU Pesticide Safety Education Programwww.pesticides.montana.edu,
