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1、Equity Valuation and Analysis with eVal,Apple and the iFad,Case Overview,Comprehensive analysis of a growth company employing conservative accountingAssessment of company involves:Evaluation of future growth opportunitiesSustainability of current profitabilityImpact of conservative accounting on fut
2、ure earnings,Overview of Business,Apple designs,manufactures and markets personal computers,mobile communication devices,portable digital players and a variety of related software and serviceshttp:/Introduction of new products,particularly the iPhone,drives strong growth from 2007-2009,Business Stra
3、tegy Analysis(1),Sources of competitive advantageIntegrate its own hardware,operating system and applications to provide best-of-class products and servicesFocus on innovative new products through aggressive investment in R&DExpand distribution network via Apple Stores,Business Strategy Analysis(2),
4、Key RisksCompetitors imitate productsBetter 3rd party operating systemsLack of Apps for custom operating systemRun out of ideas for new products,Business Strategy Analysis(3),AppleIntegrated consumer productsIBMIntegrated IT solutions for enterprise clients,Accounting Analysis(4),Revenue Recognition
5、 for iPhone and Apple TV:For both iPhone and Apple TV,the Company has indicated it may from timetotime provide future unspecified features and additional software products free of charge to customers.Accordingly,iPhone handsets and Apple TV sales are accounted for under subscription accounting in ac
6、cordance with GAAP.As such,the revenue and associated cost of sales are deferred at the time of sale,and are both recognized on a straightline basis over the currently estimated 24month economic life of these products,with any loss recognized at the time of sale.Costs incurred by the Company for eng
7、ineering,sales,marketing and warranty are expensed as incurred.,Accounting Analysis(5),To restate revenues,we add back the net deferred revenue and to restate costs,we add back the net deferred costNet deferred revenue=$6,908(from SoCF)OR,Net deferred revenue=$4,485+$10,305-$3029-$4,853=$6,908(from
8、BS)Net deferred costs=$3,703-$1,931+$1,468-$1,089=$2,151(from Note 4)Restated Revenue=$36,537+$6,908=$43,445Restated Cost of Sales=$23,397+$2,151=$25,548Restated Gross Margin=$43,445-$25,458=$17,897Change in Gross Margin=$17,897-$13,140=$4,757Income before Taxes=$7,984+$4,757=$12,741Provision for Ta
9、xes=$12,741*($2,280/$7,984)=$3,638Restated Net Income=$12,741-$3,638=$9,103,Accounting Analysis(6),Underlying EconomicsRecognition at time of sale makes more economic sense.While Apple has indicated that it may provide additional unspecified features and software free of charge for these products,th
10、ey likely represent a small fraction of the sale in economic terms.,Ratio Analysis(7),Ratio Analysis(7),Ratio Analysis(8&9),Relative IBM,Apple does not use debt financing,thus losing out on the ability to leverage its high RNOA into an even higher ROERelative to IBM,Apple sits on a larger balance of
11、 financial assets,which slow down its turns without commensurately increasing its marginsApple could increase its ROE by paying out excess cash(dividends,stock repurchases)and issuing debt.,Forecasting Analysis(10),Forecasting Analysis(10),There are two obvious reasons why these assumptions lack pla
12、usibilitySubscription accounting is deferring sales revenue and gross margin for iPhone.As this unwinds,sales growth will rise and gross margin will widenCash balance is unlikely to stay constant as a proportion of sales(but what will Apple do with it?)Suggested changesBased on answers to question 5
13、:bump sales growth to 30%for 2010,then back down to 11%in 2011reduce CoGS/Sales to 59%in 2010Trend cash balance to 10%of sales terminal value,Valuation Analysis(11),Valuation Analysis(11),eVal default estimated intrinsic value/share is$136.75Stock market price of$190 looks more reasonable,because it
14、 factors in revenue and margin bounce from reversal of conservative accounting for iPhone,Valuation Analysis(12),The analyst values Apple at 16x EV/FCF on CY10E FCF estimate of$11,241The approach is not grounded in sound valuation theory.The 16x multiple appears to be purely subjectiveThe use of FCF
15、 rather than earnings appears to be a way of getting around Apples conservative accounting for subscription revenues,What Happened?,Q1,2010:Retrospective Adoption of New Accounting Principles Under the historical accounting principles,the Company was required to account for sales of both iPhone and
16、Apple TV using subscription accounting because the Company indicated it might from time-to-time provide future unspecified software upgrades and features for those products free of charge.Under subscription accounting,revenue and associated product cost of sales for iPhone and Apple TV were deferred
17、 at the time of sale and recognized on a straight-line basis over each products estimated economic life.This resulted in the deferral of significant amounts of revenue and cost of sales related to iPhone and Apple TV.The new accounting principles generally require the Company to account for the sale
18、 of both iPhone and Apple TV as two deliverables.The first deliverable is the hardware and software essential to the functionality of the hardware device delivered at the time of sale,and the second deliverable is the right included with the purchase of iPhone and Apple TV to receive on a when-and-i
19、f-available basis future unspecified software upgrades and features relating to the products essential software.The new accounting principles result in the recognition of substantially all of the revenue and product costs from the sales of iPhone and Apple TV at the time of sale.Additionally,the Com
20、pany is required to estimate a standalone selling price for the unspecified software upgrade rights included with the sale of iPhone and Apple TV and recognizes that amount ratably over the 24-month estimated life of the related hardware device.,2010 Results Exceed Expectations,Mad Money Version of Case,http:/,
