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1、“Spring”from The Four Seasons(1725)Antonio Vivaldi,The composition,The violin concertos were first published in 1725 as part of a set of twelve concerti,Vivaldis Op.8,entitled Il cimento dellarmonia e dellinventione(The Contest between Harmony and Invention).The first four concertos were designated
2、Le quattro stagioni,each being named after a season.Each concerto is in three movements,with a slow movement between two faster ones.,Concerto No.1 in E major,Op.8,La primavera(Spring)Allegro Largo Allegro PastoraleConcerto No.2 in G minor,Op.8,Lestate(Summer)Allegro non molto Adagio e piano Presto
3、e forte PrestoConcerto No.3 in F major,Op.8,Lautunno also known as the Danza Pastorale(Autumn)Allegro Adagio molto AllegroConcerto No.4 in F minor,Op.8,Linverno(Winter)Allegro non molto Largo Allegro,Vivaldis Four Seasons are among the boldest program music of the baroque period.Antonio Vivaldi wrot
4、e the individual Sonnets to go along with each movement of the Four Seasons.,“Spring”sonnet text,1.Spring has come and joyfully the birds greet it with happy song,and the brooks,while the streams flow along with gentle murmur as the zephyrs blow.There come,shrouding the air with a black cloak,lighti
5、ng and thunder chosen to herald the storm;then,when these are silent,the little birds return to their melodious incantations.2.And now,in the pleasant,flowery meadow,to the soft murmur of leaves and plants,the goatherd sleeps with his faithful dog at his side.3.To the festive sound of a pastoral bag
6、pipe,nymphs and shepherds dance under their beloved roof,greeting the glittering arrival of the spring.,Original orchestration:,Solo violin,with string orchestra(violin,viola,cello,bass,harpsichord),An analysis of the first movement of Spring:“Allegro”,http:/youtu.be/kvEcOuJ1oV0,The composer:,Antoni
7、o Lucio Vivaldi(4 March 1678 28 July 1741),nicknamed The Red Priest because of his red hair,was an Italian Baroque composer,priest,and virtuoso violinist,born in Venice.,Vivaldi is recognized as one of the greatest Baroque composers,and his influence during his lifetime was widespread over Europe.Vi
8、valdi is known mainly for composing instrumental concertos,especially for the violin,as well as sacred choral works and over 40 operas.The Four Seasons is his best-known work.,Many of Vivaldis compositions were written for the female music ensemble of the Ospedale della Piet,a home for abandoned chi
9、ldren where Vivaldi worked from 1703 to 1715 and from 1723 to 1740.Vivaldi also had some success with stagings of his operas in Venice,Mantua and Vienna.After meeting the Emperor Charles VI,Vivaldi moved to Vienna hoping for preferment.The Emperor died soon after Vivaldis arrival,and the composer di
10、ed a pauper,without a steady source of income.,The Time and Place,The Baroque is a period of artistic style that used exaggerated motion and clear,easily interpreted detail to produce drama,tension,exuberance,and grandeur in sculpture,painting,architecture,literature,dance,and music.The style starte
11、d around 1600 in Rome,Italy and spread to most of Europe.1750,the year of J.S.Bachs death,is usually listed as the end of the Baroque.,Painting,Paintings depicted images to evoke emotion.The portrait style of painting used light shadows to convey meaning and passion.Baroque artists chose to capture
12、dramatic events that occurred over a period of time.,Sculpture,Human forms and figures constituted a major part of the Baroque culture.The demand for stone sculptures grew steadily during this era.The positioning of statues,interspersed with the use of sunlight and moonlight,were theatrically used i
13、n chapels.Marble carvings depicted human emotions on the faces of statues,Architicture,Music,Virtuosity became recognized and instrumental soloists evolvedImprovisation and ornamentation played an important role in performanceThe Opera developed during this period,as did the concerto.Major and minor
14、 tonalities evolved and meter became more consistent.,Baroque clothing,Venice,San Marco,Important events/discoveries,1600-1609Playwright William Shakespeare of England writes Othello,King Lear and Antony and Cleopatra.1610-1619Pocahontas,daughter of the famed Indian chief of the Powhatans,marries Jo
15、hn Rolfe after being held for ransom by the English colonists.1620-1629 The Mayflower,carrying 100 pilgrims,arrives off the North American coast at Plymouth1630-1639Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei is threatened with torture if he refuses to withdraw his heretical propositions supporting a sun-cen
16、tered solar system;Galileo recants.1640-1649Italian Evangelista Torricelli invents the first barometer,to measure air pressure.1650-1659Clockmaking is revolutionized when Dutch mathematician Christian Huygens introduces the use of the pendulum.1660-1669The production of world-renowned Stradivarius v
17、iolins begins in Cremona,Italy1670-1679The famous Observatory in Greenwich,England,is founded for astronomical research;the observatory also establishes a standard time to help determine longitude.,1680-1689English physicist Isaac Newton defines the laws of gravity and universal laws of motion.1690-
18、1699he infamous witch trials of Salem begin in the colony of Massachusetts,and 20 witches are eventually put to death.1700-1709Edmund Halleys studies propose that comets sighted in 1531,1607,and 1682 are one and the same,and the celestial body is named Halleys Comet inhis honor.1710-1719Physicist Ga
19、briel Daniel Fahrenheit invents a thermometer that uses mercury instead of alcohol.1720-1729Inoculation is tested in two smallpox epidemics(in London and Boston)and proved successful.1730-1739Benjamin Franklin founds the first circulating library in North America.1740-1749Scottish physician James Li
20、nd discovers that citrus fruit is the only effective cure for scurvy.,Glossary,Concerto:(1)the solo concerto for one soloist and orchestra,(2)the concerto grosso for two or more soloists and orchestraAn Opus number refers to a number generally assigned by composers to an individual composition or se
21、t of compositions on publication,to help identify their works.Program music is a type of art music that attempts to musically render an extra-musical narrative.The narrative itself might be offered to the audience in the form of program notes,inviting imaginative correlations with the music.A ritorn
22、ello(Italian;little return)is a recurring passage in Baroque music for orchestra or chorus.The first or final movement of a solo concerto may be in ritornello form,in which the ritornello is the opening theme,always played by tutti,which returns in whole or in part and in different keys throughout the movement.,References,http:/,
