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1、World War I,Chapter 28,1/31/2023,1,The Seeds of WarSection 1,What were the main causes of WW 1?Competition for resources and territoriesNationalismMilitarismAlliances,1/31/2023,2,Terms to Define,Militarism:glorification of war and the militaryConscription:compulsory(mandatory)call up of civilians fo
2、r military serviceAlliance System:defense agreements among nationsEntente:friendly understanding between two nations,1/31/2023,3,People to Know,Otto von BismarckFirst Chancellor of the German EmpireCrafty statesman,1/31/2023,4,Otto von Bismarck,Places to Locate,MoroccoAlsace-LorraineBosnia-Herzegovi
3、na,1/31/2023,5,Section Theme,Cooperation:European powers form a series of alliances before World War I,1/31/2023,6,French Prime Minister Briand,Overview,In the summer of 1914,assassination sparked the beginning of WWICompetition for resourcesNationalismMilitarismAlliances,1/31/2023,7,European Countr
4、ies in the War,1/31/2023,8,Overview,WW I was known as the Great War and“the war to end all wars”WW I brought significant changesEmpires toppled and European dominance of the world shaken,1/31/2023,9,Funeral of Archduke Ferdinand,European Rivalries,Since the mid-1800s industrialization and expansion
5、led to intense competition among the countries of EuropeEach sought what was best for growth,1/31/2023,10,European Rivalries,During the 1800s,Great Britain,France,Germany,Austria-Hungary,Russia,and Italy all sought to acquire new markets and to establish and expand global empires,1/31/2023,11,Europe
6、an Rivalries,Competition turned to hostility as one power crossed another in its efforts to accomplish its goalsBritain wanted to maintain its lifelines to its empire and ensure no other nation would threaten itFrance wanted to add minerals to its economy by acquiring Morocco,1/31/2023,12,European R
7、ivalries,CompetitionGermany had“eyes on the Ottoman EmpireAustria-Hungary wanted land in the BalkansRussia wanted control of Dardanelles near the black sea and more influence over Manchuria,1/31/2023,13,Nationalism,Growing spirit of nationalism brought tensionsGermany had unitedFrance wanted Alsace-
8、Lorraine back,lost after Franco-Prussian WarIn Austria-Hungary,Slavic nationalists were attracted to Pan-Slavism(Slavs needed to develop their culture and become a nation)New nation would be carved out of current Austria-HungaryNeighboring Serbs supported the Slavs in their efforts,1/31/2023,14,Slav
9、ic Nationalism,Austria-Hungary was alarmed by Serbian activities in the Balkans and was concerned that a Yugoslav state would harm the security of the empireIn 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed the Slavic territories of Bosnia-Herzegovina(east of Serbia),once of the Ottoman Empire,1/31/2023,15,Slavic Nat
10、ionalism,The Serbs were threatened by the Austria-Hungary move into Bosnia-HerzegovinaSerbs called on the Russian for help(historically their ally)Russia turned away Serb calls for help Russia made secret deal with Austria-Hungary that its war ships could have access to the DardanellesRussia still w
11、eak from war with Japan,1/31/2023,16,Slavic Nationalism,Russia turned away Serbia(more)Russia agreed Austria-Hungary could have Bosnia-HerzegovinaRussia persuaded Serbs to retrain themselvesRussia discovered Austria-Hungary made its move before the final deal could get doneRussia was very angry it h
12、ad been“duped”,1/31/2023,17,Balkan Wars,The first Balkan War further inflamed the Serbs(1912)Serbia wanted Albania as a warm water outlet to the seaSerbia was not awarded Albania after the warresentment grew,1/31/2023,18,Balkan Wars,Second Balkan War,Albania made independentmore frustration for the
13、SerbsRussia not able to support the Serbs in either warRussians were humiliatedAustria-Hungary worried about its future role in Europe,1/31/2023,19,Militarism,European powers spent much time assessing each others military strength.Diplomats maneuvered to win new allies,military leaders argued for in
14、creased spending,and all nations but Britain adopted conscription With tensions rising,so did militarism,the glorification of war and the military;very much associated with setting state policies,1/31/2023,20,Militarism,Each nation believed that its national security depended entirely on new technol
15、ogy and military readiness,1/31/2023,21,Heavy field gun,Militarism,Each nations actions caused a reaction in the other nationsGermans expand their navyBritain felt threatened as an island nation,1/31/2023,22,Alliances,Along with militarism came a hardening of alliance systems Defense agreements amon
16、g nationsOtto von Bismarck created the Three Emperors League to isolate FranceGermany,Austria-Hungary,and RussiaDidnt last long because of conflict between Russia and Austria-Hungary in the balkans,1/31/2023,23,Alliances,With the crumbling of the Three Emperors League,Bismarck created a new and stro
17、nger alliance with Austria-Hungary,1/31/2023,24,Otto von Bismarck,Alliances,In 1882,Italy joined the Austrian-German alliancenow became the Triple AllianceItaly wanted allies against FranceItaly angry about France occupying Tunis in AfricaItaly concerned that France would aid the pope with whom they
18、 were having a disputeAll agreed to aid of the other if threatened,1/31/2023,25,Alliances,France and Russia developed friendlier relations and another alliance began to developThey developed an alliance to aid each other if attacked by Germany or Austria-HungaryFrance and Great Britain(1904)develope
19、d an alliance called the Entente Cordialnot a full fledged alliance(friendly understanding),1/31/2023,26,Alliances,These agreements developed into the Triple EntenteLoose alliance between France,Russia,and Great BritainGreat Britain joined because of the perceived threat to its naval fleet and its e
20、mpire,1/31/2023,27,Alliances,The establishment of the Triple Alliance:(Germany,Austria-Hungary,Italy)and the Triple Entente(Russia,France,and Great Britain)threatened the peace of the continent.A minor conflict now had the potential to involve all major European powers in war,1/31/2023,28,Alliances,
21、Triple Alliance,GermanyAustria-HungaryItaly,Triple Entente,Russia FranceGreat Britain,1/31/2023,29,The Spark,Chapter 28Section 2,1/31/2023,30,Terms to Define,Ultimatum:a set of final conditions that must be accepted to avoid severe consequencesMobilization:the gathering and transport of military tro
22、ops and fighting equipment in preparation for war,1/31/2023,31,People to Meet,Francis FerdinandGavrilo PrincipWilliam IINicholas II,1/31/2023,32,Section Theme,Tensions between the two European alliances erupt into a Europe-wide conflict,1/31/2023,33,Austrian dead,Overview,What series of events provi
23、ded the spark that ignited World War I?The assassination of Archduke Francis FerdinandDeclarations of warMobilization of Austria-Hungary,Russia,Germany,France,and Britain,1/31/2023,34,Overview,Until 1914,a false optimism prevailed in EuropeMost people didnt think there would be warAbsence of war for
24、 long time lulled people into thinking there couldnt be oneSocial reforms and scientific discoveries made people think all was wellother ways to solve problemsWar was“triggered”in the Balkans,1/31/2023,35,Trouble in the Balkans,On June 28,1914,Archduke Francis Ferdinand,heir to the Austro-Hungarian
25、emperor,and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo(capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina)by members of a secret Serbian nationalist group,1/31/2023,36,Trouble in the Balkans,Archduke Ferdinand had actually planned on giving more voice to the SlavsVoice equal to Austrians and Hungarians,1/31/2023,Archduke Fe
26、rdinand,Trouble in the Balkans,Seven assassinations had been placed along the route of their ride in a convertible through the streetsAll members of secret Serbia nationalist group called the Black HandThe first assassins attempt did not work,1/31/2023,38,Trouble in the Balkans,The car made a wrong
27、turn and Gavrilo Princip(gah*VREE*loh*PREEN*seep)shot them,1/31/2023,Gavrilo Princip39,German Support,Although the assassination had not occurred in Serbia,Austria-Hungary held the Serbs responsible.Germany,through Emperor William II,assured Austria-Hungary that it would give its full support to any
28、 actions taken against SerbiaGermany had approved any actions Austria-Hungary wanted to take,1/31/2023,40,Declaration of War,On July 23,Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum:to cooperate in an Austro-Hungarian investigation of the assassination or face war.They were given 48 hours.Serbian leaders
29、,outraged,rejected demand;Austria-Hungary responded:declared war on Serbia July 28,1914Both countries issued general orders for mobilization:the gathering of troops and equipment to prepare for war,1/31/2023,41,A European War,Believing falsely the others would back down at the last moment,the major
30、European powers pushed each other to the brink of war,1/31/2023,42,Archduke Ferdinand Funeral,A European War,Russia immediately announce its support for Serbia.On July 30,Czar Nicholas II ordered a general mobilization of his armed forces against both Austria-Hungary and GermanyRussia new it would r
31、eally lose face with the Slavs if it backed down againRussia also had the backing of France,1/31/2023,43,A European War,On July 31,Germany ordered Russia to cancel its mobilization order or face war.After France gave its support to Russia,Germany declared war on both countriesBritain was undecided f
32、or a while and still hoped to use negotiations The Germans marched into Luxembourg and demanded passage across Belgium,1/31/2023,44,A European War,Belgium was a neutral country and its neutrality had been guaranteed by an 1839 treaty signed by Great Britain,Russia,France,and GermanyGermany invaded B
33、elgium anywayThe Brits protested the invasion of BelgiumThe German Chancellor called the treaty“a scrap of paper”The Brits enter the war August 4,1914,1/31/2023,45,A European War,Most European believed war was a matter of defending their countrys honor or upholding“right against might”Few people ima
34、gined how long the war would lastThe war seemed to have no clear objectiveThe entire world was dragged in,1/31/2023,46,The War,Chapter 28Section 3,1/31/2023,47,Section Theme,Conflict:The European war is transformed into a war that engulfs much of the world;the global conflict directly affects many c
35、ivilians as well as soldiers,1/31/2023,48,Terms to Define,Belligerent:warring Propaganda:ideas or rumors used to harm an opposing cause War of attrition:tearing done the other side by constant attacks Trench:ditch Contraband:prohibited goods,1/31/2023,49,People to Meet,Alfred von Schlieffen Helmuth
36、von Moltke Joseph Jacques Joffre Henri-Philippe Petain Winston Churchill Woodrow Wilson,1/31/2023,50,Places to Locate,Paris Tannenberg Verdun Gallipoli,1/31/2023,51,Overview,Germany,Austria-Hungary,Ottoman Empire,and Bulgaria became known as the Central PowersGreat Britain,France,Russia,Serbia,Belgi
37、um,Japan,and Montenegro became known as the Allied Powers(or Allies)None of the powers were really ready for what happenedThe Europeans thought the war would be over by Christmas,1/31/2023,52,The Schlieffen Plan,Germanys invasion of Belgium on August 3 was part of a strategy designed by the German G
38、eneral Alfred von Schlieffen,who believed that the Germans could defeat the French in six weeks and then move on to the Eastern Front and fight against Russian forcesSchlieffen believed the Russians would take longer to mobilize,1/31/2023,53,The Schlieffen Plan,Germany encountered far more resistanc
39、e in Belgium than anyone expected;furthermore,Russia mobilized far more quickly that Schlieffen had estimatedThe German commander,Helmuth von Moltke,was surprised by the resistanceAdvance was delayed until August 20th,1/31/2023,54,The Schieffen Plan,The German troops were held up further when they m
40、et British and French forces in the north of France and in Alsace-Lorraine,1/31/2023,55,French shelling of German positions,The Battle of the Marne,France struggled to recover after their defeat at Alsace-LorraineFrench general Joseph Jacues Joffre pulled back to Paris to fortify his armys positionT
41、he French counter-attacked and pushed the Germans back 50 miles(called on French taxis to help move troops)This battle was called the Battle of the MarneThe German retreat from the Battle of the Marne signified the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan,1/31/2023,56,The Battle of the Marne,The battled s
42、ignified not only the abandonment of the Schlieffen Plan,but that neither side could win easily,1/31/2023,57,A Russian Disaster,Russia sent troops into battle even before fully mobilizedRussias speedy invasion of East Prussia diverted German troops from the attack against the French and BritishAt Ta
43、nnenberg in present day Poland,the Russians suffered a disastrous defeat The Russian army was encircled and destroyed,1/31/2023,58,Years of Deadlock,After the Battle of the Marne,the Germans and the Allies began a series of battlesEach was attempting to reach the North Sea first:known as“the race to
44、 the sea”Reaching there,one could outflank the other In November,the war reached a stalemateTo protect themselves in the war of attrition,soldiers on both sides dug trenchesThrough 1915 casualties mounted,1/31/2023,59,Years of Deadlock,All the belligerent(warring)nations now had to adjust their plan
45、sTo produce the weapons,food,ammunition,etc.Civilians had to enter the war effortbecame a total warTo raise morale,newspapers gave even the smallest victories big headlinesGovernments used propaganda(ideas/rumors)to harm an opposing causeto portray the enemy as beastly and inhuman,1/31/2023,60,Trenc
46、h Warfare,The war turned into a war of attritionEach side tries to wear down the other through constant attacksTrenches spread 500 miles:Switzerland to North SeaIn the middle:“no mans land”Trench warfare:rats,disease,filth,barbed wire,death,1/31/2023,61,Trench Warfare,At the Battle of Ypes,the Germa
47、ns introduced poison gasYellow-green chlorine gasWind carried gas into French trenchesBlindness,choking,vomiting,torn lungs,death,1/31/2023,62,Verdun and the Somme,In February 1916,the Germans staged a surprise attack against French forces at VerdunAfter 6 bloody months,with the French holding firm,
48、the Germans finally abandoned the attackFrench General Henri-Philippe Petain(pay*TAN)ralled the troops with“they shall not pass”Both sides had half a million casualties,1/31/2023,63,Verdun and the Somme,Later,the British,aided by a small French force,launched a similar attack against the Germans in
49、the Somme River Valley north of FranceTerrible and inconclusiveGermans:500,000 menBritish:400,000French:200,000French introduce tank:made little differencetoo clumsy,slow at the timegenerals didnt know best use for them,1/31/2023,64,The Eastern Front,Less entrenched,more mobile,no advanceGermany and
50、 Austria-Hungary made determined efforts to remove Russia from the war,1/31/2023,65,The Eastern Front,As the least industrialized of the European powers,Russia did not have the resources and skills to fight a modern conflictRussians forced to give up huge land mass Russians suffered huge amounts of
