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1、Federalists Ascendant:John Adams Presidency,US History Libertyville HS,Development of Political Parties,Washington“above”politics,but a federalistFederalist party emergesJohn Adams,Hamilton,etcCharacteristicsPro industrial developmentPro BritishPro strong central government“Looser”interpretation of
2、Constitution,Prominent Federalists,Development of Political Parties,Democratic-Republicans(D-Rs)Thomas Jefferson,Madison,etcCharacteristicsPro agriculturePro revolutionary FrancePro“common”manPro States rights(vs.strong central government)Strict interpretation of Constitution,Election of 1796,First
3、post-Washington electionJohn Adams(F)71 EVThomas Jefferson(D-R)68 EVThomas Pinckney(F)59 EVAaron Burr(D-R)30 EV,President=John Adams(F)VP=Thomas Jefferson(D-R),President,VP From Different Parties,Constitution President to be person with most EVsVP to be person with second most EVsNo concept of“ticke
4、t”or pres,VP running togetherFounders did not anticipate rise of political partiesBecame big problem in Adams Admin.,VP Jefferson,Pres.Adams,John Adams,Born in MassachusettsRaised a“puritan-lite”Became a lawyerSecond cousins to Samuel AdamsJoined patriot cause after Stamp ActPopularized argument“no
5、taxation without representation”,Young Adams,Birthplace of John Adams,John Adams,During Rev.War,served in Continental CongressServed on“Committee of 5”Looked to for advice on forming governments/writing constitutions,Adams in Europe,1777 Adams sent to France as diplomat Sent back to Europe to negoti
6、ate peace treaty,1779-80Continued to serve as ambassador to Holland(1780-82),England(1785-88),Portrait of Treaty of Paris negotiators(British refused to pose portrait neverFinished),Vice President Adams,Came in second in election of 1788,1792(second of revolutionary generation,only after Washington)
7、Washington rarely asked Adams opinionAdams main job=president of SenateHis opinion on the Vice-presidency:,My country has in its wisdom contrived for me the most insignificant office that ever the invention of man contrived or his imagination conceived.,President Adams:Foreign Policy,Continued neutr
8、alityAdams wanted to stay out of war between Britain,FranceProblem:Jays Treaty angered French,so they began attacking American shippingAdams sent diplomats to negotiate with French(Pinckney,Gerry,Marshall),French(in distance)bearing downon damaged American ship,John Adams:XYZ Affair,Three French age
9、nts demanded$250k bribe,$12 million loan to help French fight wars and public apology just to let Americans see French foreign ministerAmericans went home,instead,Americans(at left)facing Frenchrevolutionary demands,in USnewspaper cartoon,John Adams:XYZ Affair,Jefferson demanded to see reports from
10、diplomats(Why?)Released to public,changing French agents names to X,Y and ZHuge public outcry:“Millions for defense,but not one cent for tribute!”,Token handed out during XYZ Affair,John Adams:“Quasi-War”,Quasi-War:No declaration,but French,American warships attacked each other and merchant shipsAme
11、rican negotiators offered French same terms as Jays Treaty,but French refused1800:Adams renegotiated treatyUS drops claim for damaged merchant shipsFrance released US from alliance of 1778Weakened US affection for French,USS Constellation active duringQuasi War,John Adams:Domestic Affairs,Alien-Sedi
12、tion Acts(1798)Alien Friends ActAuthorized the president to deport any resident alien considered dangerous to the peace and safety of the United States.”Aimed at French sympathizers Alien Enemies Act(still in effect)authorized the president to apprehend and deport resident aliens if their home count
13、ries were at war with the United States Naturalization ActExtended the duration of residence required for aliens to become citizens to 14 years Sedition Actmade it a crime to publish false,scandalous,and malicious writing against the government or its officials,Fight in Congress during debateover Se
14、dition Act,1798,John Adams:Domestic Affairs,Reaction to Sedition ActJefferson:Unconstitutional!First AmendmentTenth AmendmentNo Judicial Review yet(M v M in 1803)thus,exercise of“undelegated powers”by FedsTJ,James Madison introduce KY and VA ResolutionsCalled on states to nullify lawsCompact theory:
15、US made up of voluntary union of states giving some power to central govt;but states do not give away their sovereigntyIf states sovereignty violated,then state had right to nullify Federal act or secede from union,“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,nor prohibited by
16、it to the States,are reserved to the States respectively,or to the people.”,“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion,or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;or abridging the freedom of speech,or of the Press.”,John Adams:Domestic Affairs,Alien-Sedition Acts in ActionNo al
17、iens deported(many fled)25 people,mainly D-R newspaper editors,arrested under Sedition Act(incl.1 congressman!)11 tried,10 convictedLed to end of Federalist PartyFederalists tossed out of officeAfter his election,President Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under Sedition Act,The power of the pr
18、ess.,The 1800 Election,One of the nastiest elections ever(slander,personal attacks)Jefferson v.AdamsCampaign destroyed friendship,for yearsJefferson,Burr tie;election goes to Federalist HouseOn 35 ballots,deadlocked 8 states to 8 statesOn 36th ballot,Hamilton convinced other Federalists to change vo
19、te to Jefferson(Burr was personal enemy),Jefferson(D-R)73Burr(D-R)73J.Adams(F)65Pinckney(F)64,1800 Election Aftermath,12th AmendmentPresident,VP run as a ticketEach elector casts 1 vote for a president,&1 vote for a VPPresident,VP must win absolute majority of EC votesDeadlocks go to House,where each state gets one vote for any of top 3 ticketsFederalists lose control of legislature,Fed bureaucracyAdams:Midnight appointments to judiciary(eventually leads to Marbury v.Madison),Boston Sentinel,1801,
