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1、1,有机化合物的命名,系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)俗名法trivial names(popular names)国际纯粹化学和应用化学联合会 IUPAC:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,Nomenclature of Organic Compounds,2,有机化合物的命名,系统命名IUPAC names(systematic names)CCS命名法-中文系统命名法CCS-Chinese Chemical Society,CCS以IUPAC基本原则为准则，结合中文特点稍有不同.,3,不含
2、官能团化合物 Nonfunctional Compounds1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds）官能团化合物 Functional compounds,有机化合物的命名,4,1烃类-（烷烃 Alkane烯烃 Alkene炔烃Alkyne）,Alkane 烷烃，链烷Alkene 烯烃，链烯Alkyne 炔烃,5,烷烃命名,Alkane,希腊前缀prefix,6,链烷烃命名(The names of linear alkanes),Names of continuous-chain alkanes(C1-C20),
3、后缀Suffix-ane,7,烯烃的命名（Alkene）,-ene（Suffix）IUPAC names：Ethene propene buteneTrivial name:ethylene propylene butylene如果不是端烯烃则需要给出双键在碳链中的位置give position of C=C,8,烯烃的命名（Alkene）,Names of continuous-chain alkenes(C1-C20),9,炔烃的命名（Alkyne）,-yne（Suffix）IUPAC names：Ethyne propyne butyneIcosyne Trivial name:acet
4、ylene 如果不是端烯烃则需要给出叁键的位置give position of CC,10,直链烃基取代基(substituents)的命名,烷基alkyl-alkane Rule:omit the suffix“ane”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉后缀“ane”,加上“yl”)methyl nonadecyl icosyl,11,直链烃基取代基的命名,烯基alkenyl-alkeneRule:omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)e
5、thenyl 乙烯基）1-propenyl(丙烯基)trivial names:vinyl,allyl(烯丙基),12,直链烃基取代基的命名,炔基alkynyl alkyneRule:omit the last letter“e”and add“yl”to the end of the name(去掉最后一个字母“e”，加上后缀“yl”)1-propynyl（丙炔基）,1-pentynyl（戊炔基）苯基 benzene=phene phenyl（苯基）-benzyl（苯甲基，苄基）,13,如果相同的烷基（简单的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：di-,tri-,tetra-如果相同的烷
6、基（复杂的烷基）在一个分子中超过一个，用前缀来表示：bis-,tris-,tetrakis-,pentakis-bi-:biphenyl（联苯）,binuclear-（双核）,烃基取代基的命名,14,支链烃的命名（Branched-alkyl group）,Rule i.Choose the longest continuous chain with the greatest number of substituents as the parent body.规则1.选择最长、取代基最多的碳链作为主链.,15,支链烃的命名,3-methylheptane（3-甲基庚烷）,2,3,5-trime
7、thyl-4-propylheptane,Rule ii.Give the lowest position numbers for substituents.规则2.取代基的位置数目总和最小。,16,支链烃的命名,2,3,3-trimethylpentane,2,2,4-trimethylpentane,2,3,5-trimethylhexane,17,Ruleiii.Give the first listed substituent a lower position number;the sum of the position numbers for all sbustituents sho
8、uld be as low as possible.规则3.数字较小的取代基排在前面，表示取代基位置的数字总和尽可能小。,支链烃的命名,18,支链烃的命名（Branched-alkyl group）,The names of the substituents are given in alphabetical order in the systematic names of organic compounds.Except the prefixes iso-and neo-,the other prefixes,such as di-,tri-,sec-,tert-are not involv
9、ed in alphabetical listing.,19,支链烃的命名,2,3,5-trichlorohexaneNot 2,4,5-trichlorohexane,2,7,8-trimethyldecaneNot 3,4,9-trimethyldecane,20,烃基取代基的命名,如果是枝状的烷基，用前缀iso-,neo-,sec-,tert-表示,n-normal(正）iso-isomeric(异）tert-tertiary(叔）,21,烃基取代基的命名,neo-neos(新),sec-secondary(仲）,22,烃基取代基的命名,sec-（仲）,tert-（叔）只用于丁基：sec
10、-butyl,tert-butyl iso-（异）,neo-（新）既可以用于化合物的命名，又可以用于取代基 的命名。isobutyl,isobutane,isohexyl,neopentyl,neopentane,23,烃基取代基的命名,Exercises:,2-methylpentane,5-ethyl-2,2-dimethyloctane,2,2-dimethyl-5-ethyloctane,4-sec-butyl-3-methylnonane（壬烷）,3-methyl-4-sec-butylnonane,5-isopropyl-4-propyldecane（癸烷）,4-propyl-5-
11、isopropyldecane,24,3-propyl-1,3,5-hexatriene,4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）,5-sec-butylnonane 仲丁基5-(2-butyl)nonane5-2-butylnonane,2-methyl-4,4-bis(tert-butyl)octane,4,4-bis(tert-butyl)-2-methyloctane（叔丁基）,25,4-vinyl-1-hepten-5-yne,3-acetylenyl-1,5-hexadiene,3-vinyl-4-propyl-1,3-hexadien-5-y
12、ne,26,2单环化合物（Monocyclic compounds）的命名,命名规则：环烷烃 cyclo+alkane cyclo+alkyl 环烯烃 cyclo+alkene cyclo+alkenyl 环炔烃 cyclo+alkyne cyclo+alkynyl,cyclohexane,cyclohexene,27,monocyclic compounds,cyclo+the name of alkane cyclopropane cyclopentane cyclohexane monosubstituted:chlorocyclohexane methylcyclopentane,28
13、,multisubstituted:Give the functional group the lowestposition number.The sum of position numbers for all substituents should be as low as possible.,29,cyclopentylcyclohexane,trans-1-ethyl-4-methylcyclohexane,5-cyclopentyl-2-methylheptane,环烷烃,30,环烯烃,1,3 cyclohexadiene,3-ethyl-1,4,5-trimethylcyclohex
14、ene支链取代基的命名,31,xyleneo,m,p-,benzene,toluene,芳香化合物Arometic compounds,邻位-ortho 间位-meta 对位-para,32,mesitylene,styrene,33,单取代苯 Monosubstituted benzenes,nitrobenzene,ethylbenzene,chlorobenzene,34,aniline,cyanobenzene,phenol,35,一些重要的取代基Other important substituents,hydroxy-,alkoxy-(C1-C4 methoxy,ethoxy,Pro
15、poxy,butoxy;C5 pentyloxy decyl oxy),phenoxy,mercapto(巯基）,Alkylthio,amino,36,formyl,cyano,nitro,nitrosyl,acetyl,oxo,Alkanoyl(acyl，hexanoyl）,37,C1-C5酰基（acyl）俗名:formyl,acetyl,propionyl,butyryl valeryl,benzoyl,3-oxobutyric acid,38,benzoic acid,o-(ethylthio)phenol,39,多取代的芳香化合物 Multisubstituented aromatic compounds,p-acetylbenzoic acido-hydroxybenzoic acidm-sec-butyl（仲丁基）chlorobenzene,40,p-bromomethoxybenzene3-ethyl-4-phenyl cyclohexenep-ethyltoluene,41,m-methylanilineo-cyanophenol,42,perfluorobenzene,o-xylene,phthalic acid,
