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1、高中英语新课标、新教材与课堂教学方法,国际外语教学改革的发展趋势,以满足人的发展需求为目标，强调对语言运用能力培养。外语课程普遍采用按能力分级的方式，制定各个级别的能力标准。课程设置采用必修和选修相结合的方式。课程内容强调外语学习与其他学科的相互渗透。教学方法强调以学生为主体，重视学生参与，发展多方面的能力。重视外语教育对情感、态度、价值观等基本素养的培养教学资源的扩展促进教学模式的改进，使个性化学习方式得以实现。评价改革形成潮流，重视对学生学习过程的评价。,我国高中英语教学的现状,改革开放以来取得了显著成绩1985高中英语课程得到普及1993-强调英语交际能力培养1999-听说能力得到普遍提
2、高,教学仍然以知识的讲解为主，轻视对学生综合语言运用能力的培养；高考的压力使学校和学生均按照一个课本、一个进度、一个目标、一个要求开展教学；教师的教学观念、方法以及手段都需要转变；现行的教材和教学大纲的要求已经不能适应发展的需要,高中英语教学存在的主要问题,高中英语课程设计的基本理念,1.重视共同基础，构建发展平台2.提供多样选择，适应个性需求3.优化学习方式，提高自主能力4.关注学生情感，提高人文素养5.完善评价体系，促进学生发展,高中英语课程的性质,语言是人类最重要的思维和交流的工具，也是人们参与社会活动的重要条件。当今社会生活和经济活动日益全球化，外国语已经成为世界各国公民必备的基本语言
3、素养之一。因此，学习和掌握外语，特别是英语，具有重要意义。高中英语课程是义务教育后普通高级中学的一门主要课程。高中学生学习外语，一方面可以促进心智、情感、态度与价值观的发展以及综合人文素养的提高；另一方面，掌握一门重要的国际通用语种可以为学习国外先进的文化科学知识和进行国际交往创造条件。开设高中英语课程有利于提高全民族劳动者的素质，有利于我国对外开放和国际交往，有利于我国综合国力的增强。,综合语言运用能力,情感态度,学习策略,文化意识,语言技能,语言知识,国际视野祖国意识合作精神自信意志兴趣动机,交际策略资源策略调控策略认知策略,跨文化交际文化理解文化知识,话题功能语法词汇语音,写读说听,课
4、程 目 标,高中英语课程的教学重点,发展学生用英语进行交流的能力；用英语获取信息、处理信息的能力；用英语进行思维的能力。,改进教学方法，落实新课程目标,词汇教学语法教学,听的教学说的教学阅读教学写的教学 综合技能,学习者培训,词汇教学什么是词汇学习？,(1)knowing a word means knowing its pronunciation and stress;(2)knowing a word means knowing its spelling and grammatical properties;(3)knowing a word means knowing its meani
5、ng;(4)knowing a word means knowing how and when to use it to express the intended meaning(5)Knowing a word often means knowing more than just one word(e.g.give up;babysitter,teacher,ups and downs)(6)Knowing a word means knowing its collocations(e.g.see,look,and watch;heavy rain but not heavy wind),R
6、eceptive and productive vocabulary,Receptive/passive vocabulary words that one is able to recognize and comprehend in reading or listening but unable to use those automatically in speaking or writing.Productive/active vocabulary-words that one is not only able to recognize but also able to use in sp
7、eech and writing are considered ones productive/active vocabulary.At beginner level,most new words learned by students usually have immediate practical use,hence they quickly become the productive vocabulary.However,as students learn more and more words,they will find that some words they are able t
8、o use for speaking and writing and some are only recognizable when encountered in reading.Also,there are some words that after being encountered more and more times gradually enters from ones receptive to ones productive,Ways of presenting vocabulary,Try to provide a visual or physical demonstration
9、 whenever possible,using pictures,photos,video clips,mime or gestures to show meaning.Provide a verbal context to demonstrate meaning.Then ask students to tell the meaning first before it is offered by the teacher.Use synonyms or antonyms to explain meaningsUse lexical sets or hyponyms to show relat
10、ions of words and their meanings,e.g.cook:fry,boil,bake,grill,etc.Translate and exemplify,especially with technical words or words with abstract meaning.Use word formation rules and common affixes to build new lexical knowledge on what is already known.Teach vocabulary in chunks.Chunks refer to a gr
11、oup of words that go together to form meaning.It is also referred to as pre-fabricated formulaic items(Lewis,2002:121).Think about the context in real life where the word might be used.Relate newly learned language to students real life to promote high motivation.Think about providing different cont
12、ext for introducing new words.,词汇学习举例,Complete the questionnaire below by choosing the correct preposition.Then use the questionnaire to interview your partner.1.In your family,who is usually the first person to turn to/on the TV when you get home?2What programmes make you want to turn off/over to a
13、nother channel?3.When you are watching,do you ever turn away/up when something is extremely frightening or exciting?4.Do you ever turn the volume of the TV up/off or down?Why?5.If somebody turns up/on at your house,do you turn the TV over/off or do you leave it on?,Use words in boxes A and B to writ
14、e new adjectives.Then complete the sentences with these words.A.hand,well,early,old,two,high,longB.known,made,morning,week,haired,fashioned,fat.1.Go for an _ run in our fantastic trainer!2.We only sell _ jewellery in our shop.Nothing is made by machine.3.Try our _ sweets,sweets that your parents use
15、d to eat.4.That ladys dress looks so _ as if she is from the 19th century.5.Bargain holidays!Go on the cheapest _ holiday youll ever have.6.Im going abroad.My beautiful _ dog will have to stay at home.,词汇学习举例,Labeling,词汇学习举例,Words that go together,词汇学习举例4,Use word series,Example:Cutlery:knife,fork,s
16、poonTransport:_ _ _ _ Vehicles:_ _ _ _ Furniture:_ _ _ _ Buildings:_ _ _ _,词汇教学活动举例5,Find synonyms and antonyms,词汇教学活动举例6,Categories,词汇教学活动举例7,Using word net-work,词汇学习举例8,Developing vocabulary learning strategies,Review regularly Guess meaning from context Organizing vocabulary effectively Use learn
17、ed vocabulary Use dictionary Create vocabulary notebook,语法教学,Grammar presentationDeductive method Inductive method Guided discovery method,语法教学,Deductive method,语法教学,Inductive method,语法教学,Guided discovery method,Grammar practice,Mechanical practicesubstitution drills,transformation drills,Grammar pr
18、actice,Meaningful Practice-,语言技能教学,Listening Speaking Reading Writing Integrated skills practice,About the teaching of listening,听的目的 to maintain or build social relationships.to obtain and exchange information.关注听的过程The skills of listening are often thought of as passive skills.This is not true.Peo
19、ple must do many things to process information that they are receiving.First they have to hear what is being said,then they have to pay attention,and construct a meaningful message in their mind by relating what they hear to what they already know.We all know that it is possible to hear people talki
20、ng without paying attention.We also know that if we do not have enough previous knowledge of what is being said,it is more difficult to make sense of what is said.So,listening is as active a skill as speaking.It is simply more difficult for teachers to judge how well the students are comprehending t
21、he messages.So it is very important to design tasks the performance of which show how well the students have comprehended the listening material.,Principles for teaching listening,(1)The listening activity must have a real,communicative purpose.(2)The activity must use authentic language without sig
22、nificantly slower or simpler speech than would normally be used in everyday life.(3)The listening text must offer content that is personally interesting and motivating to learners.(4)The listening activity must offer many clues to meaning,just as in real-life listening.(5)When possible,the whole lis
23、tening text should be given first,and then it should be divided into parts that can be repeated.At the end,the whole text should be given again,and learners should have the opportunity to discuss what they have heard.(6)The listening activity must require listeners to respond in some meaningful fash
24、ion,either individually or in small groups or pairs.(7)The text of the listening activity must be typical for its own speech type;that is,an informal conversation must have short,redundant,rapid chunks of speech,while a lecture must be more formalized and orderly.(8)The classroom climate surrounding
25、 the listening activity must be non-threatening and positive,and simple affective strategies should be used to reduce anxiety if it is present before or during the listening activity.,Three stages of listening,Pre-listening tasks should be used to stimulate the appropriate background knowledge,provi
26、de learners with a purpose of the listening activity and prepare them with the language needed for understanding the message(e.g.discussing the topic,brainstorming,presenting vocabulary,sharing of related information).While-listening tasks must focus on obtaining information,checking comprehension,o
27、rganizing information,further study of the language in meaningful context.Post-listening tasks must provide opportunities for students to integrate what they learned from the text into their existing knowledge and communicate with others using the information obtained from the listening text.,Three
28、stages of listening,Pre-listeningExample:Module 1,p.10 ex 1 and 2,Three stages of listening,Pre-listening-Predicting Example:Module 1 p.11,ex 3,Pre-listening activities,Predicting Example:Module 1,p.12,ex.1,Pre-listening activities,Setting the scene Example:Module 1,p.38 ex 1,Pre-listening activitie
29、s,Strategy trainingListening for gist Example:Module 1,p.38,3,While listening activities,answer questions-listen and take notesExample:Module 1,p.11.ex 5 and 6,While-listening activities,Listening for specific informationExample:Module 2,p.38,ex.3 and 4,While listening activities,Listen and sequence
30、 Example:Module 2,p.24,While listening activities,Listen and tick Example:Module 2,p.10 ex 4,While listening activities,Listen and fill Example:Module 2,p.38,3,Post-listening activities,Multiple choice questionsGap-filling and note-taking Example:Module 3,p.10,ex 4,Post-listening,SpeakingExample:Mod
31、ule 1,p.11,ex 8 and 10,Post-listening activities,Answering questionsDiscussionsDictoglossRole playsInterviewsDebate,Principles of Teaching speaking,Balancing accuracy-based with fluency-based practicesContextualizing practice Personalizing practice Building up confidenceMaximizing meaningful interac
32、tionsHelping students develop speaking strategies,Designing speaking tasks,Controlled activitiesSemi-controlled activities Semi-communicative activities Communicative activities,Designing speaking tasks,Activity using pictures Example:Module 2,p.43,Designing speaking tasks,Information-gap activities
33、Dialogue and role-play Example:Module 3,p.11,Designing speaking tasks,Problem solving activities Example:Module.2,p.49,Strategies involved in reading comprehension,Specifying a purpose for readingPlanning what to do/what steps to takePreviewing the textPredicting the contents of the text r section o
34、f textChecking predictionsPosing questions about the textFinding answers to posed questionsConnecting text to background knowledgeSummarizing information,Making inferencesConnecting one part of the text to anotherPaying attention to text structureRereadingGuessing the meaning of a new word from cont
35、extUsing discourse markers to see relationshipsChecking comprehensionIdentifying difficultiesTaking steps to repair faulty comprehensionCritiquing the authorCritiquing the textJudging how well objectives were metReflecting on what has been learned from the text,Models of reading,Bottom-up modelTop-d
36、own modelInteractive model,Three stages of teaching reading,Pre-reading activitiesWhile-reading activitiesPost-reading activities,读前活动 Pre-reading,Pooling together the existing knowledge about the topic,creating expectations(predicting contents)Arousing students interest about the topic Pre-teaching
37、 key words/phrases or structures;skimming or scanning the text or parts of the text for certain purposes.,Do you agree with the following?,Pre-reading activities,Predicting Example:Module 2,p.14,ex 1,Pre-reading activities,setting the scene Example:Module 2,p.28 ex 1,Pre-reading activities,Skimming
38、Example:Module 2,p.28,ex 2 Scanning,读中活动While reading activities,常见的课堂阅读教学往往以教师为中心 question and answers multiple choice questions T/F questions,explanation,paraphrasing,and translation.,While reading activities,Transition devices,Pictures Pie charts Drawings Bar charts Maps Flowcharts Tables Sequenc
39、ing Subtitles Tree diagrams Notes Cyclic diagrams,Description,TimePlaceCharactersMajor eventsEnding,Comparison and contrast,Different characteristics,Different characteristics,Shared characteristics,Process and procedures,Sequencing,Classification,motor vehicles,non-motor vehicles,cars,bicycles,spor
40、tscars,Vehicles,Narration,Exposition,Main idea(s)Supporting detailsConclusion,Taking notes,Making inferences,-Blandida is a country which has every climatic condition known to man.-When she came into the room the large crowd grew silent.-The painting had been in the family for years,but sadly Bill r
41、ealised he would have to sell it.,While-reading activities,Information transfer activitiesExample:Module 1,p.14 ex 4,While-reading activities,Making inferenceExample:Module 6p.24 ex 3 and ex 7,While-reading activities,Texts with sentence gapsExample:Module 5,p.28,ex 2,While-reading activities,Readin
42、g comprehension questionsExample:Module 1,p.22,ex.5,While-reading activities,Understanding reference Example:Module 5,P.42,ex 2 and ex 3,Focus on language study,VocabularyUnderstanding word meaning in contextFocus on collocationsPay attention to discourse markersFocus on idioms,synonyms,antonyms,etc
43、.Focus on Prefix,suffix,and root wordsStructuresDraw students attention to the new structuresInvite students to analyse and summarize the the main featuresCreate different context for meaningful practice,读后活动 Post-reading activities,Discussion Example:Module 2,p.15 speaking,Post-reading activities,R
44、ole-playGap-filling Retelling,Post-reading activities,Writing Example:Module 2,p.13,ex 11,Writing process,BrainstormingOutliningDraftingEditing(self and peer editing)RevisingProofreadingConferencing,Integrating the skills,When we communicate,we often use more than a single language skill.On the tele
45、phone,for instance,we listen and speakmaybe we also write down a message and read over what we have written.Transferring language from one medium to another is itself an important skill.Above all,integrating the skills means that you are working at the level of realistic communication,not just at th
46、e level of vocabulary and sentence patterns.,学习策略培训,many teachers are unsure about what they can do to help learners learn how to learn in the classroom.Dickinson and Carver(1980,cf.Ellis and Sinclair,1989:7)identify three areas for preparing learners to become autonomous and these three areas can b
47、e used for considering contents and procedures for learner training.They are:Psychological preparation,e.g.activities to build confidenceMethodological preparation,e.g.activities to help learners understand and use metalanguage(language for describing language and language learning)and to become awa
48、re of the rationale behind classroom activities.Practice in self-direction,e.g.activities which provide learners with opportunities to make choices about their learning.,Involve students in an overview of the textbook at the beginning,At the beginning of the course,it is useful for the teacher to gu
49、ide students through the content page for them to get an overview idea about what is to be learned.This helps raise students awareness and also get their involvement in thinking about learning rather than following the teacher or the textbook with no particular reason.,Involve students in finding ou
50、t about themselves,Helping learners to gain a better idea about themselves as learners is the first step in guiding them to take responsibilities for their own learning.Questions to be used to start them to think about themselves and about their learning:What do you expect to learn in the new course
