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1、1,MPARWorking Group,Federal Aviation Administration(FAA)Department of Homeland Security(DHS)National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm.(NOAA)Department of Defense(DoD)Office of Federal Coordinator for Met.(OFCM),Multifunction Phased Array Radar(MPAR):,Potential to Support Homeland Defense and Security Mis
2、sions,Presented to:Interagency Air and Maritime Surveillance Summit IIBy:The MPAR Working GroupDate:05 June 2008,Dr.James KimpelDirector,National Severe Storms Laboratory(NOAA),Multifunction Phased Array Radar(MPAR),2,05 June 2008,MPAR Working Group,MPAR Working GroupNational Oceanic and Atmospheric
3、 Adm.(NOAA)Federal Aviation Administration(FAA)Department of Homeland Security(DHS)Department of Defense(DoD)Office of Federal Coordinator for Met.(OFCM),Background-MPAR Program Origin,NRC Report Beyond NEXRAD(2002),recommends PAR technology be developed as replacement for legacy weather radarsIn 20
4、04,Federal Committee for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research(FCMSSR)directed an interagency Joint Action Group(JAG)be convened to assess R&D priorities for phased array radarOFCM-sponsored JAG published report,“Phased Array Radar R&D Needs and Priorities”in June 2006,Today:OFCM-sponsored
5、 MPAR Working Group is working R&D Risk Reduction Strategies/Activities,Why Consider Weather Radar?,Multi-mission capability is possibleWeather radars already exist at 190 locationsSame technology holds promise for dramatically improving weather surveillanceCan detect biological scatterers(birds,ins
6、ects),smoke,volcanic ash,etc.Large potential cost savings,TDWRs,NEXRADs,Existing Locations,Currently Testing Multi-mission Capability,Spy-1Antenna,Nat.Weather Radar Testbed(NWRT),Current Research at the NWRT,Improved weather surveillance(NOAA,FAA)Simultaneous weather and aircraft surveillance(DHS,FA
7、A,NOAA)Wind farm clutter mitigation(DHS,NOAA),ARSR-4,ARSR-3,ARSR-1/2,Today,Future Concept,510*Radars,8 Types,334 Radars,1 Type,Joint Action GroupRecommendations,SustainPartiallyModernizeReplace,5000 ft AGL,Blue,weather only,Affordable MultifunctionPhased ArrayRadar(MPAR),Stove-pipedApproach:,Reduced
8、 number of radars-potentially saves$2BConsolidated maintenance and logistics infrastructure potentially saves$3B,Includes Operational CONUS radar only,ASR-8,Potential Cost Savings,MPAR Operational View,Severe Weather,Terminal Surveillance,Chemical Dispersion,Long RangeSurveillance,Weather Fronts,Non
9、-Cooperative targets,Potential Users:DOT/FAA/FHA NOAA/NSSL/NWSDOD/Navy/Army/USAF,DHSNASA,DOA,DOE,DOI,Others,Mr.William BennerWeather Group ManagerAJP-B400(FAA),Air Traffic Control Radar Snapshot,Air Traffic is expected to more thandouble by 2025 and will exacerbate the air traffic delay problemWeath
10、er accounts for 70%of all delaysCurrent weather and surveillance radar networks are aging(new to 40 years old)Many are nearing the end of their service lifeFAA Enterprise Architecture Roadmaps include investment decision points for terminal radars(e.g.,replacementvs.SLEP),NextGen Motivation,NextGen
11、Air Transportation System Integrated Plan stipulates:“Develop a system-wide capability to Reduce Weather Impacts”“Research areas to develop enhanced weather observations and forecasts,and integrate them with decision support tools to enhance capacity and efficiency of the airspace while improving sa
12、fety.”The FAA is migrating to Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast(ADS-B)conceptThe Surveillance/Positioning Backup Strategy Alternatives Analysis Report:“recommends that the FAA retain approximately one-half of the Secondary Radar Network as a backup strategy for ADS-B”“terminal area primary
13、radar coverage will not be reduced from current levels”,MPAR Approach,Potential for radar consolidation and fleet reduction(ASR,TDWR,NEXRAD,ARSR)Multi-mission capableScalable to mission(s)needsReduced O&M cost and consolidated maintenance,logistic and training programs.Improved reliability(electroni
14、cally scanned vs.rotating),Weather,Aircraft,MPAR Assessment,PAR performance is not an issue Major cost driver is the active array antennaPAR Active Array development should exploit advances in:Military R&DCommercial technology/processContinue investigating advances in technologyNew semi-conductor ma
15、terialsChip integrationT/R module packagingDigital architecturesResearch&Development GoalsDemonstrate affordabilityVerify technology performance(using COTS)Verify multifunction capability,Achieves an Affordable Phased Array Radar,FAA Enterprise Architecture,Surveillance and Weather Roadmaps2011-Deci
16、sion Point(77)to implement NextGen primary radar system including weather surveillance requirements(aligns with JRC-1,Initial Investment Decision)2014-Decision Point(104)to replace legacy primary radars(ASR-8,ASR-9)based on air traffic safety,security and weather surveillance requirements2018-Decisi
17、on Point(91)to SLEP Wind Shear systems,ASR-9/11 Wx Channel and NEXRAD or replace with NextGen Wx Surveillance Capability2020-Establishment of Acquisition Program Office(aligns with JRC-2B,Final Investment Decision),2007,2008,2009,2011,2012,2013,2010,2014,2015,2016,2017,2018,2019,2020,2021,2022,2023,
18、2024,2025,77,104,91,New Primary Radar(Replaces ASR),NextGen Wx Radar Capability,Conclusion,National primary radar network required for foreseeable futureFAA requirement is a subset of the National RequirementCollaboration with other agencies is essential for best value solutionMPAR is a technology r
19、esearch effortMPAR could be part of a multi-agency Family of Solutions,Dr.Jeffrey HerdDr.Mark WeberMIT Lincoln Laboratory,Outline,Terminal MPAR Capabilities Technology Risk Reduction ProgramSummary,Terminal Area Primary Radar Missions,ATC terminal radars support unique missionsLow altitude wind shea
20、r protection at airportsThunderstorm monitoring(30 sec update)Non-cooperative aircraft surveillance(DoD,DHS)FAA Architecture identifies decision points for future terminal area primary radar 2011-Decision to implement NEXTGEN primary radar system which includes weather surveillance requirements 2014
21、-Decision for replacement of legacy primary radar(ASR-8,ASR-9),based on air traffic safety,security and weather surveillance requirements,Terminal MPAR,Aircraft&Weather Surveillance Goals,Candidate Terminal MPAR Concept,Active Array(planar,4 faces)Diameter:4 mTR elements/face:5,000Dual polarizationB
22、eamwidth:1.2(broadside)2.0(45)Gain:40 dBTransmit/Receive ElementsWavelength:10 cm(2.72.9 GHz)Bandwidth/channel:1 MHzPulse length:80 s(1 s fill)Peak power/element:5 W linear pol 10 W circular polArchitectureOverlapped subarray beamformersNumber of subarrays:24 Maximum#concurrent beams:24,334 MPARS re
23、quired to duplicate todays airspace coverage.Half of these are scaled“Terminal MPARS”,Weather Surveillance,Aircraft Surveillance,Polarization Requirements,Adaptive Beam Clusters,R max,20,000 ft,Low Elevation,2,High Elevation,R max=Max_Alt/sin(),6,2,Aircraft(linear pol),Weather(dual pol),12,2,Aircraf
24、t(up to 24 linear pol beams),Weather(up to 12 dual pol beams),1.6,2.4,1.6,2.4,1.6,2.4,1.6,2.4,TMPAR Scan Timing Summary,Time,sec,0,4,8,56,60,4,High fidelity weather scan update period,Aircraft and rapid update weather scan update period,Mode scheduling example:,Notional TMPAR Air Vehicle ID Modes,RF
25、ID Mode:High Doppler resolution(1 Hz)to discriminate type(jet vs propeller vs bird),velocity spectrum,types of engines,number of enginesHigh pulse repetition frequency(15 kHz)High Range Resolution(HRR)Mode:Small range gates to discriminate length and image targetWide operating bandwidth(2.7-2.9 GHz)
26、TMPAR hardware supports both RFID and HRR modesCapable of detecting-20 dBsm targets out to 50 nm,Aircraft Range-Doppler Image,Minimum Detectable RCS vs Range,5000 elements10 W peak80 s pulsesSwerling type 1,Wind Farm Effects Mitigation,Wind farm effects on primary radarsHigh reflection levels causes
27、 automatic limitingRCS of 20-40 dBsm(aircraft is 10 30 dBsm)Doppler modulation causes false target signaturesBlade tip velocities of 80 160 knots Narrow elevation beam of TMPAR suppresses low angle clutter return35 dB improvement over ASR-9 in signal to clutter ratio for 5 kft target and wind farm a
28、t 10 nm,Wind Farm,Radar Return,Windmill Doppler Spectrum*,*from Feasibility of Mitigating the Effects of Wind Farms on Primary Radar,Alenia Marconi Systems Limited,TMPAR vs ASR-9 Windmill Suppression,35 dB,Outline,Terminal MPAR Capabilities Technology Risk Reduction ProgramSummary,Terminal MPAR Chal
29、lenges,Challenges:Ultra-low cost array($50k/m2)Multiple independent beam clustersScalable aperture sizes Open architectureLow operations and maintenance costsEnablers:Highly integrated T/R chipsDesign for manufacturability,TMPAR,Commercial vs Military MMIC*Costs,*Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circ
30、uit*Non-Recurring Engineering,Typical military procurement volume is too small to fully amortize engineering development costs,Cost Reduction Strategies,Terminal MPAR,Technology Risk Reduction Program,Program Objectives:Design,fabrication,and testing of a prototype MPAR active phased array panelDeta
31、iled cost estimate utilizing best commercial practice for a large quantity procurement of panelsCritical Development Tasks:Antenna elements and beamformers*Prototype panel with custom T/R chip set*Risk Definition and Mitigation Plan*,*Prototype panel test and evaluation*,*MIT LL*Subcontract to Tyco
32、Electronics,2008 Terminal MPAR,Low Cost Panel Demonstration,Aperture Face Panel:Including 64 Radiators,Beamformers,64 T/R Elements,DC and Logic Distribution,Low Level Power Conditioning,Heat Exchanger,Backplane:Includes Beam Controller,Logic Fan Out,High Level Power Conditioning,*Funded under Tyco E
33、lectronics IR&D,Performance Testing,Custom T/R Chipset*,RX chip,Tx chip,LNA/Limiter chip,0.43 m,TMPAR Prototype Radar,Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5,Scaled Aperture Radar Demonstration,Full Scale Fabrication,Testing and Evaluation,CDR,PDR,Testing CDR,8 x 8 Element PanelArray MeasurementsWaveform
34、 DesignSystems Analysis,768 Element ArrayRadar FunctionalityAlgorithm Dev System Simulation,4864 Element Array48 Receiver ChannelsSystem SimulationTest Planning,Collect Multimode DataProcess Data Report Results,Analog and Digital Hardware:,Systems Analysis&Signal Processing:,Panel,Multiple Panel Arr
35、ay,Full Scale Array,Data Collection,Concept Development,Design,and,Low Cost Scalable Panel Demonstration,Notional Development Schedule,Summary,Specific concept for a Terminal Multifunction Phased Array Radar developedProvides primary radar services in lieu of ASR-8/9/11 and TDWRCan support backup or
36、 integrity verification for ADS-BTMPAR has the potential to support key needs of the DHS,DoD,FAA,and NWS with a single radar networkFlexible electronic beamformingMultiple simultaneous high gain receive beamsOpen architecture signal&data processingAffordability being addressed through exploitation o
37、f commercial microwave technologyCritical subsystems development and test underway Mitigate risk and advance ultra low cost design through industry partnership,Mr.Kevin“Spanky”KirschDirector,DHS S&T Special Program,Customs and Border Protection(CBP)CBP Air and Marine Operations Center(AMOC)US Coast
38、GuardSecret ServiceImmigration and Customs Enforcement(ICE)Federal Emergency Management Agency(FEMA),DHS Primary Radar Usage,Implementation Strategy:Initial Priority Risk Reduction Areas Technolgy Demonstration&Testing Multi-functionality and Testing System Costs Business Case Trade Studies,Discussi
39、on Areas for Consensus,Interagency Management Approach Address Urgency Issues PD/Congressional Mandated Format:Past NEXRAD process(OFCM/NEXRAD Program Council/JSPO)Multi-Lateral Agency,Discussion Areas for Consensus,QUESTIONS?,40,BACKUPS,Terminal MPAR Weather Sensitivity,80 s pulse80 x compression,1
40、 s pulseno compression,5,000 modules 5 W per module provides 0 dBZ sensitivity to 60 nm,Target ID Mode Operating Parameters,Radio Frequency Spectrum:,2.9 GHz,200 MHz,2 MHz,WAS and RFID modesHRR mode,2.7 GHz,ATC Cooperative Surveillance(ADS-B),Backup needed in the event of a wide-area GPS outage(e.g.
41、jamming,solar storms)or single-aircraft avionics failureIntegrity monitoring needed to guard against“spoofing”FAA ADS-B backup strategy calls for retention of many legacy radars All primary radarsSecondary radars in high density terminal airspaceBackup strategy will be re-evaluated as experience with ADS-B is gainedAlternatives under investigation include wide-area multilateration,DME,e-Loran and other non-radar alternatives(but these are all“cooperative”),Backup and Integrity Monitoring,
