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1、,The Honey Bee Colony,Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services,The Honey Bee Colony,NestCaste Development and DifferentiationSeasonal CyclesAnatomy pollen and nectar collectionModern Hives,The Honey Bee Colony Introduction,What we call honey bees are represented by eight to 10 species
2、 in the genus Apis.“Api”-s is the foundation for beekeeping(apiculture)and the word for a bee yard(apiary).The species of honey bee commonly found today in Europe,Africa,the Middle East and the Americas is Apis mellifera,which means honey carrier.This name is not technically correct as the bees carr
3、y nectar from flowers which they then use to produce honey back in the hive.Only when the bees are moving to a new nest(swarming)do they carry honey.,The Honey Bee Colony Apis races,There are 24 races of Apis mellifera.The races have different physical and behavioral characteristics such as body col
4、or,wing length,and susceptibility to disease.The races can mate with each other.,Caucasian bees(A.mellifera caucasica)are extremely docile.The black or German bees(A.mellifera mellifera)are known to overwinter well in severe climates.The African group of bees includes the largest number of geographi
5、c races(12),which includes the notorious A.mellifera scutellata.A few queens of this highly defensive race were brought into Brazil in 1957 and started the bees we now know as Africanized honey bees.,The Honey Bee Colony Apis races,Although stingless bees do actually lack a stinger,they are not comp
6、letely defenseless.They can inflict painful bites with their mandibles.They also do not produce honey in the same quantity as A.mellifera.,The true honey bee was not native to the Americas.Prior to Columbus,people in Central and South America collected honey from bees known as stingless bees.,The Ho
7、ney Bee Colony History,In some cases,the honey bees traveled in advance of the European settlers and came in contact with Native American tribes,who dubbed them white mans flies.By the time the frontier had been settled,late in the 19th century,honey bees were regarded as a natural part of the insec
8、t world in North America.,In the early part of the 16th century,the Spanish brought over the first honey bee colonies.English colonists did the same and soon honey bees had escaped into the wild and were buzzing all over North America.,The Honey Bee Colony Nest,A populous colony may contain 40,000 t
9、o 60,000 or more bees during the late spring or early summer.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,The eusocial,or truly social,bees live in large colonies consisting of females of two overlapping generations:mothers(queens)and daughters(workers).Males play no part in the colon
10、ys organization and only mate with the queens.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,Honey is a sweet,thick,supersaturated sugar solution manufactured by bees to feed their larvae and for subsistence in winter.The nectar of flowers is ingested by worker bees and converted to hon
11、ey in special sacs in their esophagi.It is stored and aged in combs in their hives.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,Larvae are fed pollen and royal jelly progressively-that is,cells are opened as necessary or are left open so that workers can tend the larvae.,Royal jelly,w
12、hich is secreted from the salivary glands of worker bees,serves as food for all young larvae and as the only food for larvae that will develop into queen bees.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,We know that bees have been producing honey as they do today for at least 150 mil
13、lion years.Bees produce honey as food stores for the hive during the long months of winter when flowers arent blooming and therefore little or no nectar is available to them.,Honey bees are herbivores;they eat nectar and honey.,Bee honey is composed of fructose,glucose,and water,in varying proportio
14、ns.It also contains several enzymes and oils.The color and flavor depend on the age of the honey and on the source of the nectar.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,At the individual level,honey bees have not one but three types of colony members:queens,drones and workers,eac
15、h with their own specializations and place in honey bee society.,The queen reigns over the nest,surrounded by attendants and fed the rich food she requires to perform her few but crucial tasks in the colony.The queen produces powerful pheromones,chemical signals to recipient workers which control ma
16、ny of their behaviors and provide part of the social glue which holds honey bee life together.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,Honey bee eggs hatch regardless of whether they are fertilized.The female bees-queens and workers-develop from fertilized eggs that contain 32 chr
17、omosomes.These 32 chromosomes consist of two sets of 16,one set from each parent.Hence female bees are said to be diploid in origin.The males(drones)develop from unfertilized egg which contain only one set of 16 chromosomes from their mother.Drones are thus haploid in origin.This reproduction by the
18、 development of unfertilized eggs is called parthenogenesis.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,The queen is the only sexually developed female in the hive.She is the largest bee in the colony.A two-day-old larva is selected by the workers to be reared as the queen.She will e
19、merge from her cell 11 days later to mate in flight with approximately 18 drone(male)bees.During this mating,she receives several million sperm cells,which last her entire life span of nearly two years.The queen starts to lay eggs about 10 days after mating.A productive queen can lay 3,000 eggs in a
20、 single day.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,Drones are stout male bees that have no stingers.Drones do not collect food or pollen from flowers.Their sole purpose is to mate with the queen.If the colony is short on food,drones are often kicked out of the hive,Drones are to
21、lerated in the hive only when there is a possibility that they may mate with a queen.Thus a few are tolerated in spring and fall,more in the summer,but none in the winter.The workers keep the drones out of the hive to starve to death in the autumn.Drones,like queens,lack the body parts to effectivel
22、y harvest nectar or pollen to feed themselves.Drones also lack a stinger of any kind.They are designed for mating only.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,Workers,the smallest bees in the colony,are sexually undeveloped females.A colony can have 50,000 to 60,000 or more worke
23、rs.,Worker and drone larvae are also fed royal jelly for their first four days.For the remainder of their larval stage,they are fed bee bread.Bee bread is made from pollen collected in the field.Two pollen pellets are dropped into a cell,which are then manipulated and mixed with honey and secretions
24、 from worker bees.This mixture,called bee bread,is then pushed into the cell until it is two-thirds full.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,The life span of a worker bee varies according to the time of year.Her life expectancy is approximately 28 to 35 days.Workers that are
25、reared in September and October,however,can live through the winter.Workers feed the queen and larvae,guard the hive entrance and help to keep the hive cool by fanning their wings.Worker bees also collect nectar to make honey.In addition,honey bees produce wax comb.The comb is composed of hexagonal
26、cells which have walls that are only 2/1000 inch thick,but support 25 times their own weight.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,Newly emerged workers begin w
27、orking almost immediately.As they age,workers do the following tasks in this sequence:clean cells,circulate air with their wings,feed larvae,practice flying,receive pollen and nectar from foragers,guard hive entrance and forage.,Unlike colonies of social wasps and bumble bees,honey bee colonies live
28、 year after year.Therefore,most activity in a bee colony is aimed at surviving the next winter.,Workers,as their name implies,do most of the work around the hive.They secrete wax from glands on the abdomen and fashion the honeycomb and broodcomb from it.This comb contains hexagonal cells large enoug
29、h to hold a developing worker or drone,a small quantity of honey,or pollen.When the cells are filled with honey,pollen,or a pupa,a worker caps the cell thereby sealing the contents inside.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,During winter,bees cluster in a tight ball.In Januar
30、y,the queen starts laying eggs in the center of the nest.Because stored honey and pollen are used to feed these larvae,colony stores may fall dangerously low in late winter when brood production has started but plants are not yet producing nectar or pollen.,When spring nectar flows begin,bee populat
31、ions grow rapidly.By April and May,many colonies are crowded with bees,and these congested colonies may split and form new colonies by a process called swarming.,A crowded colony rears several daughter queens,then the original mother queen flies away from the colony,accompanied by up to 60 percent o
32、f the workers.These bees cluster on some object such as a tree branch while scout bees search for a more permanent nest site-usually a hollow tree or wall void.Within 24 hours the swarm relocates to the new nest.One of the daughter queens that was left behind inherits the original colony.,The Honey
33、Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,The queen keeps the workers uninterested in reproduction on their own by secreting a pheromone.This chemical is spread from body to body among the workers starting with those tending the queen
34、.,The other job of the queen is to lay eggs and this task consumes all her conscious effort.A group of five to ten workers feed her a small bit after she lays about 20 eggs.,A newly hatched queen destroys any other unhatched queens,fights to the death any hatched queens,may destroy her mother,and th
35、en takes her mating flight.,The mating flight follows a pattern.The virgin queen flies to a congregation area where hundreds or thousands of drones await.The drones pursue the queen and several mate with her in flight.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation,Bee Nutrition:Pollen i
36、s stored in broodcomb cells and is the main supply of protein and vitamins for the hive.Pollen is 6 to 28%protein by weight and usually contains the 10 amino acids essential for bees.,Nectar is from 5 to 80%sugar,so nectar is the carbohydrate supply for the hive.,Nectar is placed in honeycomb cells
37、and the bees tending the honeycomb evaporate the water from the nectar by rapid wing movement to create ventilation.When the amount of water remaining in the nectar is less than 18%,the mixture is called honey and the bees cap off the cells.,The Honey Bee Colony Caste Development and Differentiation
38、,A mixture of honey and pollen is called bee bread and is the food for most larvae and bees.When a worker egg has been selected to become a queen,it is moved to a much larger queen cell and is fed large quantities of royal jelly which is similar to bee bread but contains more mandibular gland secret
39、ions and more honey(34%vs.12%).The larger cell for growth,larger food supply,additional carbohydrate,and more worker secretions results in the development of a queen.,The Honey Bee Colony Pheromones,Bees use pheromones for a number of different communication and behavior-control purposes.One pheromo
40、ne may cause many different responses,depending on environmental conditions and pheromone concentration.,Behavioral Pheromones The pheromone produced by the Nassonoff gland,which opens onto the side of the abdomen,attracts workers and queens.Another pheromone produced by virgin queens(and released w
41、ith feces)repels when a new queen feels threatened by the workers.,The Honey Bee Colony Pheromones,The main alarm pheromone is released with the sting,and is a mix of many compounds.They induce flight behavior,others cause only recruitment of more bees from within the hive.,Marker Pheromones:honeybe
42、es use Nassonoff gland pheromones for marking food sources,in marking the hive,in scenting prospective hive locations by scouts,and in gathering swarms in flight.The odor of each colony is different,and probably results from a combination of endogenous(pheromone or pheromone-like)materials and exoge
43、nous(food)materials in each hive.,The Honey Bee Colony Pheromones,The queen bee exerts her influence over the hive by means of the Queen Mandibular Pheromone(QMP):mating attractant for the dronessuppresses the reproductive systems of the workers,ensuring that the queen is the only reproductive femal
44、e in the hive.,QMP is distributed around the hive by food sharing.As long as the queen substance circulates by this method,the workers know that the queen is present.If the queen is removed,QMP no longer circulates in the hive,and the workers begin to feed royal jelly to larvae to produce a new quee
45、n.,The Honey Bee Colony Seasonal Cycles,The honey bee exhibits a combination of individual traits and social co-operation which is unparalleled in the animal kingdom.Although a hive only needs 20-30 lb.of honey to survive an average winter,the bees are capable,if given the space of collecting much m
46、ore.This is what the beekeeper wants them to do.,The Honey Bee Colony Anatomy for Pollen and Nectar Collection,Most bees have specialized branched or feathery body hairs that help in the collection of pollen.,The Honey Bee Colony Anatomy for Pollen and Nectar Collection,The rewards plants provide be
47、es include nectar and pollen.The nectar is a sweet liquid composed of mostly sucrose.The bees collect this liquid in their crop,The Honey Bee Colony Anatomy for Pollen and Nectar Collection,Digestive enzymes,most importantly invertase,are added.By the time the bee returns to the hive,much of the suc
48、rose in converted to glucose and fructose.In the hive the bee empties its crop into a cell or the nectar is transferred to another worker who takes it to the honeycomb for evaporation to make honey.The bee here has a full crop!,The Honey Bee Colony Anatomy for Pollen and Nectar Collection,Pollen is
49、dusted all over the bee as she visits a flower.The bees legs are designed to comb this pollen from her body,and catch it in a tuft of bristles on her third pair of legs,Pollen basket,The Honey Bee Colony Modern Hives,The Honey Bee Colony Modern Hives,The Honey Bee Colony Modern Hives,Prior to the mi
50、ddle of the 1800s,most bee hives in North America and Europe were simple shelters for the bees.Skeps,log gums and box hives were common types of hives in this period.Bees attached their wax combs to the hives roof and walls,just like they do in wild hives.,Anglo Saxon Skeppa which means basket,Skeps
