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1、Modeling Credit Risk in Asian Context:The Building Block ApproachMay 2002,Introduction to Credit Risk Modeling,Introduction:Recent Developments in Credit Risk Modeling,Regulatory New Basel Accord sets regulatory acceptance of internal-rating based models(foundation and advanced approach),Competition
2、Asian crisis revealed vulnerability of concentration loans(large loans)to default,inadequate margin to cover credit riskGeneral move to lending to consumers and SMEs,higher volume business,need to balance risk management and credit processing cycle time,TechnologyMore robust credit risk modeling tec
3、hnologyIntegration of data management,statistical analysis and decision support technology,注意,Data issueHistorical portfolio information often not availableApplicability of external data is(highly)questionable Quality of data is highly questionable,Introduction:Challenges in Implementing Credit Risk
4、 Models in Asia,Comparability of Financial StatementsLack of transparencyNo publicly traded debtDisparity in accounting standards,Unpredictable recovery ratesTax and regulatory rulesBankruptcy laws underdeveloped and incomparable,注意,Credit Risk Modeling:Conceptual Frameworkand Building Block Approac
5、h,Credit Risk Modeling:Conceptual Framework,Credit risk modeling has to be enabled by effective credit risk infrastructure where critical historical risk factors for modeling can be stored.To effectively transform credit risk management of a bank,it is important to integrate credit risk models and i
6、nfrastructure into a transformed credit risk process.,注意,Modeling Credit Risk:The Building Block Approach,Phase 1 Component,External Component,Phase 2 Component,Phase 3 Component,方法,Phase 1:Designing and Implementing an Effective Credit Risk Infrastructure,ObjectivesRisk-adjusted pricingPortfolio ri
7、sk diversificationRisk capital planningBIS 2 compliance(global best practice)Cross-country analysis,Block 1&2:Determine Credit Risk Modeling Scope,ExclusionsEmployeesDeceasedSpecific industry,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Realistic implementation plan,typically not more tha
8、n 10 credit risk models for first attempt.,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 3:Business Environment Study,Credit Risk InfrastructureDesign,Credit Risk Management ToolsDesign,Credit Risk ProcessIntegration Design,Evaluate Existing Credit Management Systems and IT strategyD
9、evelop IT blue-print for Credit Risk Solution Architecture,Evaluate Existing Credit Risk ModelsDevelop Definition for Exposure,Exposure Aggregation(Related-Party),and Customer,Industry and Product SegmentationFeasibility Study of Empirical Scorecard vs.Subjective Judgmental Rating-Based Approach,Map
10、 Existing Credit Risk Management ProcessesIdentify Key Credit Controls,No.Past Due 90d,%90d PD within Industry,No.of Past Due 90d,%of 90d PD within Industry,Distribution of No.of Corporate Client within 90d Past Due by Industry:,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 3:Busines
11、s Environment Study(I),Wholesale&Retail,Manufacturing,Real Estate,Financial Services,Construction,Professional Services,Social Services,Telecommunication&IT,Utilities,Fishery&Farming,Feasibility Cut-off,注意,Determination of Credit Risk Modeling Approach based on Business Composition Study for Corpora
12、teLoan Portfolio:,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 3:Business Environment Study(I),Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 3:Business Environment Study(II),18.9%approved loan were below cut-off,Example of Evaluation of an Internal Subjective Scoreca
13、rd Model of an Asian Bank Developed for Unsecured Consumer Loan:Excessive subjective intervention to the use of scorecard were found,17.5%above cut-off score were rejected,Subjective Cut-off,注意,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 3:Business Environment Study(II),Score distr
14、ibution revealed that model was not able to discriminate between good and bad accounts,Subjective Cut-off,注意,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 3:Business Environment Study(III),Example of Definition of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises(SMEs)where banks internal client in
15、formation is not available:,Underlying assumption:SMEs are non-listed and non-issuer of public debtSegmentation approach:Model listed companies on the stock exchange,determine 5%tail of smallest listed companies as cut-off criteria and model non-listed companies,determine 25%tail of large non-listed
16、 companies.Take lowest cut-off of the 2 cumulative distributionSegmentation criteria:Gross revenue,total asset and total capital,Gross Revenue cut-off at HK$10 million,Gross Revenue cut-off at HK$20 million,注意,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 3:Business Environment Study
17、(III),Total asset cut-off at HK$50 million,Total asset cut-off at HK$30 million,Total asset cut-off at HK$50 million,Total asset cut-off at HK$40 million,Credit risk data is a key driver for developing credit risk management capability.Credit risk data can be effectively used for testing internal ra
18、ting based models as well as to build statistical models for scoring credit risk.CRDS framework is a comprehensive framework that define the data requirements for developing credit risk databases to support model building and testing.CRDS framework for commercial loan comprises of seven building blo
19、cks:,Credit Risk Data Store(CRDS)Framework,Obligor Data,Financial Data,Default Status Data,Qualitative Data,FacilityData,InternalRatingData,Recovery Data,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 4:Identify Credit Risk Factors,Example of Credit Risk Data Store(CRDS)Framework for
20、Corporate Loan:,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 4:Identify Credit Risk Factors,CRDS framework for consumer loan comprises of five building blocks:,Credit Risk Data Store(CRDS)Framework,Up-to-date demographics of borrowers and guarantors=Update from host system periodica
21、lly,e.g.monthly,Loan specific information including account opening date,interest rate,collateral information etc.and periodic account performance information,including monthly payment,outstanding,delinquency status etc.,Written-off accounts data and their recovery information should be stored for f
22、uture analysis.,Default information at customer level,Borrower/GuarantorData,Default Status Data,Loan Data,Recovery Data,ScoreData,Consumer scoring data history,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Block 4:Identify Credit Risk Factors,Quantifiable Risk FactorsCurrent/Quick RatiosN
23、PBT/AssetsNPBT YOY GrowthInterest CoverageSize(Sales or TA)Debt Service CoverageInventories/COGSSales YOY GrowthTL/TARE/AssetsNumber of Past dues/ExcessesIndustry Specific Risk Factors e.g.CIDB grade,Non-Quantifiable Risk FactorsAudited/Qualified?Financials submitted within 6 months of FYEManagement
24、 ExperienceSuccession RiskFX RiskCountry RiskConcentration RiskCommodity RiskSupply RiskIndustry RiskImplied Access to Capital,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Example of Risk Factors for Private Firms:,Block 4:Identify Credit Risk Factors,注意,Demographic DataResidence(rent or
25、own)Years at current addressMarital StatusOccupationEmployment HistoryYears on current jobFinancial DataBorrowers earnings stabilitySize of the income cushion represented by debt ratios/savingsBorrowers sources of incomeOther credit cards/loans,Example of Risk Factors for Consumer:,Block 4:Identify
26、Credit Risk Factors,Collateral DataSize of a borrowers equity in a homeAge of the mortgageGeographical locationType of propertySize of propertyLoan to value ratio,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Common Issues:Consistency of risk factors captured(i.e.Same calculation of ratios
27、/haircuts assumed etc)Legacy system only captures approved loanNo history,rejected cases not storedSufficiency of default data for model building,Assess Electronically Stored Information,If Available:Recommend data extraction and storingapproach(warehousing),If NOT Available:Recommend manualdata cap
28、ture or purchase,If Critical:Re-design Credit InformationManagement Process,Review Risk Factor Requirement,If Non-Critical:Remove from RiskFactor Requirement,Block 5:Assess Data Availability,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructure,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 1-Credit Risk Infrastructu
29、re,Block 6:Design Credit Risk Solution Architecture,Loan Servicing Systems,Back-end host,Presentation,Decision Support,Credit risk modeling engine,Data Store and Warehouse,Credit Risk Decision Support System(Score/Rating Application),Credit Risk DSS Database,Phase 2:Model Selection,Buildingand Testi
30、ng,Models available in the market:,Statistical approach using regression techniques(logit,probit,linear),neural network,decision-tree to model the probability of default.A dependent variable is explained by a set of independent variables.Work best with limited data.,Discriminant Models,Rule-Based or
31、Expert Models,Model against a structured process that an experienced analyst uses to arrive at the credit decision.Model is characterized by set of decision rules.Assumptions made are not tested and allocation of weights for decision variables is subjective.Good as first attempt.,Market Models,Model
32、s calibrate probability of default based on market prices,e.g.equity prices or bond spreads.Models are limited to firms with sufficient liquid market prices and where financial markets are efficient.Limited application in Asia(ex-Japan).,Agency Rating-BasedModels,Models based on rating published by
33、rating agencies or internal rating,incorporating loss given default and default probability per rating scale,probability matrices of rating migration and expected recovery per rating scale.Model is limited to rated institutions and is used at portfolio-level.,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selec
34、tion,Building&Testing,Block 8:Model Selection,Partially Applicable,Fully Applicable,Not Applicable,Models available in market:,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Block 8:Model Selection,注意,Integrated Credit Risk Measurement:,Block 8:Model Selection,Modeling Credit Risk:Pha
35、se 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Expected Loss=EAD x LGD x POD,注意,Block 8:Model Selection,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Key Credit Risk Measurement Development Process:,Internal rating-based model,estimating expected losses and generating credit value-at-risk are
36、 three distinct stages of credit risk measurement development process,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Block 9:Acquire Software&Data,Andersens system selection services:,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Sele
37、ction,Building&Testing,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Logical TestApplicable for discriminant model onlyRelationship for independent variables must be validated,e.g.higher leverage results in higher probabil
38、ity of defaultNeed to decide to drop independent variable(s),Block 12:Model Testing,Stability TestAccuracy Ratio TestStatistical Robustness Test,e.g.Maximum Likelihood Test for Logit Models,Model Robustness Test,A)Stability TestDescription:A routine to test consistency of the estimated coefficients
39、of the model constructed.Typically,a sample for model build is regressed 500 times.Measurement:1)Order Test-the order of estimated coefficients must be consistent in all 500 run.Number of run with inconsistent order of estimated coefficients are logged.2)Standard Error Test-each estimated coefficien
40、t from the 500 runs is measured for the standard error.,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Block 12:Model Testing,B)Accuracy Ratio TestDescription:Ideally,a credit risk model should reject 100%of bad credits from sample(population)and 0%of good credits from sample(populati
41、on).Accuracy ratio is to test the performance on the model based on cut-off point determined.Measurement:1)First Accuracy Ratio is defined as the rejection rate of bad credits less rejection rate of good credits at a given optimized cut-off point.2)Second Accuracy Ratio is applied to out-of-test sam
42、ple based on estimated coefficients from model build.Degradation of the Second Accuracy Ratio is monitored.,Modeling Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Block 12:Model Testing,注意,B)Accuracy Ratio TestAccuracy Ratio degrade from 73%to 54%after applying out-of-sample data-set.,Modelin
43、g Credit Risk:Phase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Block 12:Model Testing,?,C)Maximum Likelihood TestDescription:Maximum likelihood test is a test against the significance of hypothesis given a data-set used for model build.Measurement:1)The Log of Likelihood Function is defined as Log(P).Given
44、S is the number of successes(Yt=1)observed in I observations,then for the logit model,the maximum value of the log likelihood function under the null hypothesis can be defined as:A test of null hypothesis that all the slope coefficients are zero can be carried out using the likelihood ratio(LR)test.
45、LR test statistic is defined as 2Log(P)-Log(0).If the maximized likelihood under null hypothesis(H0),Log(0),is much smaller that the unrestricted maximized likelihood,Log(P).Therefore,a LR test statistic of more than zero would indicate an evidence against the null hypothesis.,Modeling Credit Risk:P
46、hase 2-Model Selection,Building&Testing,Block 12:Model Testing,?,Phase 3:Model Deployment and Process Integration,Credit Acquisition,Account Maintenance,Collections,Credit Risk Processing,Credit Risk DSS,Write-off,Product Planning&Policy Integration,Application ScoreAcquisitionPricing,Behavioral Sco
47、reAttritionCross-sellFraud detection,Recovery ScoreCollectionWorkout,Modeling Credit RiskPhase 3-Deployment&Integration,Block 13:Credit Risk Decision Support System(CRDSS),ALCO Integration-Volume,Rate,MixRAROC,Modeling Credit RiskPhase 3-Deployment&Integration,Block 13:Credit Risk Decision Support S
48、ystem(CRDSS),CRDSS stores and integrates the credit policy,credit models and business rules into bank-wide loan origination process.,Modeling Credit RiskPhase 3-Deployment&Integration,Block 13:Credit Risk Decision Support System(CRDSS),An example of credit risk decision process enforced by CRDSS.,Mo
49、deling Credit RiskPhase 3-Deployment&Integration,Block 14:Develop Training Program,Developed of credit risk modeling training program is crucial in the model deployment phase:Re-definition of various functions in the organization Essential for business units buy-in and Senior Management endorsement
50、Train Credit Officers to use the model Train Risk Officer on being administrators of the modelTraining is necessary to facilitate credit officers in managing change.,Modeling Credit RiskPhase 3-Deployment&Integration,PortfolioConcentration,AssetQualityAnalysis,DefaultHistory,ProfitabilityAnalysis,Fa
