《英语小知识点.ppt.ppt》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《英语小知识点.ppt.ppt(85页珍藏版)》请在三一办公上搜索。
1、基、序数词以及连字符的复习,数词篇 Brainstorm:你了解我们从一年级就开始学习的数字吗?你能准确写出它们吗?你知道什么是序数词吗?你了解序数词的用途吗?,基数词基数词的写法 数字是我最早接触的英语单词,但是你能准确拼出每一个数字吗?我们看看大家要注意的问题。十几词尾是发长音的teen,而且要重读,几十词尾是短音的ty,而且不能重读,这点在听力中是区分它们的关键。三十和十三都以thir为前缀后面加teen和ty 四变四十要去u,四变十四不用去 五十和十五要把就结尾的ve变成f,特殊基数词的用法除了上面提到的数词以外,还有三个数词我们要特别小心,hundred(百),thousand(千)
2、,million(百万)。它们三个都有两种用法,当他们表示具体数字的时候,都不能加s,例如:three hundred,four thousand,five million;而当它们后面有of的时候,就要加s成为一个形容词性的短语-hundreds of,thousands of,millions of译为“成百上千的,成千上万的”,基数词1one2two3three4four5five6six7seven8eight9nine10ten11eleven12twelve13thirteen14fourteen15fifteen,16sixteen17seventeen18eighteen19n
3、ineteen20twenty30thirty40forty50fifty60sixty70seventy80eighty90ninety100hundred0zero,序数词基数词变序数词的规律 1,2,3特殊记:one-first,two-second,three-third,不仅1,2,3本身还有21,22,23,等等也是这样哦。其余数字把th进行到底 ve要变f再加th:five-fifth,twelve-twelfth y结尾要变ie:twenty-twentieth,thirty-thirtieth 9是唯一要去e:nine-ninth 8结尾有t不重复:eight-eighth
4、具体变化:,序数词的用途用来表示时间例如:2008年2月28日可以表示为February 28th,2007用来表示顺序例如:He is always the first to come to school.他总是第一个来学校用来表示楼层例如:He lives on the fourth floor.他住在四楼。,序数词1st first2ndsecond3rdthird4thfourth5thfifth6thsixth7thseventh8theighth9thninth10thtenth11theleventh12thtwelfth20thtwentieth,21sttwenty-firs
5、t22ndtwenty-second29thtwenty-ninth30ththirtieth31stthirty-first40thfortieth50thfiftieth60thsixtieth70thseventieth80theightieth90thninetieth100thhundredth,连字符 数词的考题中,我们还要注意连字符的问题。要记住有连字符的数词词组中,名词不加复数,没有连字符的数词词组,名词有复数。例如:3 years old,3 year-old都是对的;还要注意的是带有连字符的词组只能做定语修饰后面的名词,不能单独存作为表语。例如:我们可以说my 5-year
6、 old brother但不能说my brother is 5-year old.,可数不可数名词讲解,英语中的名词按其表示的事物性质的不同可分为可数名词与不可数名词。这两种名词在用法上是有区别的,现归纳如下:一、可数名词有单数、复数之分,如:mapmaps;oniononions;bakerbakers 不可数名词没有复数形式,只有单数形式。如:some water;a lot of bread 二、单数可数名词表示泛指时,前面要用不定冠词a(an);而不可数名词不能用a(an)。如:李红是一名司机,我是一名教师。我们看不见桌上有牛奶。友情提醒在表示特指时,不可数名词和可数名词前都要用定冠词
7、the,如:请把球传给我。盘子里的鸡肉是你的。,Li Hong is a driver.I am a teacher.,We cant see milk on the table.,Pass me the ball,please.,The chicken on the plate is yours.,三、可数名词表示复数意义时可用many等词修饰。如:many apples;a lot of tomatoes;a few pens不可数名词则要用much、a little等词修饰。如:much meat a little breadlittle water 友情提醒这两类名词都可以被some、
8、any、a lot of(lost of)等修饰。如:some eggs/paper(纸)。A lot of(lots of)knives/orange juice 四、可数名词前通常可用具体的数词来修饰。如:three women ten babies 不可数名词表示数量的多少时,必须与表示数量的名词连用,即“数词+表示数量的名词(可数名词)+of+不可数名词”。如:两杯牛奶五片面包,two glasses of milk,five pieces of bread,五、可数名词作主语时,谓语动词的单、复数与主语的单、复数须保持一致。不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词只能用单数形式。如:碗里有些米饭
9、。所有的学生都在教室里。友情提醒如果不可数名词前有复数名词短语修饰时,谓语动词须用复数形式。如:房间里有两袋大米。六、对可数名词的数量提问用how many;对不可数名词的数量提问要用how much,但对不可数名词前表示数量名词中的修饰语提问时要用how many。如:I can see two pictures on the wall.How many pictures can you see on the wall?There is a lot of pork in the basket.I want three glasses of water.,There is some rice
10、in the bowl.,All the students are in the classroom.,There are two bags of rice in the room.,How much pork is there in the basket?,How many glasses of water do you want?,七、另外,有些集合名词也是可数名词,但不同的是,它们以单数形式出现,表示复数概念,如people,police,family等;而有些可数名词本身就以复数形式出现,如clothes,glasses(眼镜)等;有的可数名词单、复数形式相同,如Japanese,sh
11、eep,Chinese等。如:The Chinese people are hardworking and brave.中国人民勤劳勇敢。The sports clothes are new.这些运动服是新的。I have one sheep.He has two sheep.我有一只羊,他有三只羊,介词in和at在课本中构成的短语,in a hurry 匆忙 in a loud voice 大声地 in a low voice 低声地 in a minute 一会儿,立刻 in a month 一个月后 in a short while 不久 in English(Russian)用英(俄)
12、语 in fact 实际上 in far-away villages 在遥远的村庄 in front of 在前面 in hospital 住院 in life 一生中 in line成一直线 in(great)need of(很)需要 in no time 立刻,很快 in order to 为了 in prison 在监狱中 in public 当众,公开地 in school 在学校,in space 在空间 in surprise 惊奇地 in the day 在白天 in the daytime 在白天,在白昼 in the fields of 在领域里 in the end 最后,
13、终于 in the face of 在当中 in the fields 在田地里 in the middle of 在当中 in the north(south)在北(南)方 in the past fifty years 在过去的五十年里 in the sky 在天上 in the 17th century 在第十七世纪in the street 在街上 in the tree 在树上 in time 及时 in town 在镇上 in those days 在那些日子里 in trouble 处于困境(苦恼)中,at a street corner 在街道拐角处 at first 起先,开
14、始的时候 at home 在家(里)at last 最一,终于 at night 在夜里 at noon 在中午 at once 马上 at that time 在那时 at the age of 在岁时,at the cinema 在电影院at the doctors 在医生诊所,在医务室 at the end of 在的末梢,在的尽头 at the foot of 在脚下 at the railway station 在火车站 at the university 在大学 at work 在工作,五步法记住单词永不忘,英语是一种拼音文字,大多数字母和字母组合都有一定的发音规律。只要注意观察,
15、就会发现拼写和读音之间的联系。,1.记准每个单词,要想快速、准确并且大量的记单词,正确发音是一个重要途径。宋代学者朱熹说过,读书要三到:心到、眼到、口到。学习过程中感官参与的越多,识记的效果就越好。因此,在学习单词时既要看形,也要读音;既要动手去写,又要动口去念,使多种感官参加记忆,通过多种渠道获得信息,这样可以在头脑中对同一个词形成多种暂时神经联系,日后即使有某一联系中断了,也可以其他联系为线索,把这个词回忆起来。,2.掌握记忆步骤,课堂上许多学生看到单词表中的生词,首先进行的是拼写,这样在有限的时间里,很难把涉及的单词都记下来。即使记下来了,由于对单词的读音和汉语意思注意不够,当老师说到这
16、个单词时也反映不出是哪个单词;而当他们看到那个单词时,又不知道其汉语意思,这样影响了听课和理解课文,而且,时间稍微一久就会很快忘记这些单词。做事情讲求提纲携领。学单词也要先抓主要矛盾。首先要对照音标读准单词,直到离开音标也能准确流利地读出来。接下来是看着单词记他们的汉语意思。单词的汉语意思记下来以后再进行第三步看着汉语说出相对应的英语单词。以上这三个步骤做好后,即使不会拼写也不会影响听课和理解。如果课堂上还有时间的话,可以进行第四步一一拼写单词。经过前三个过程,我们已经对这个生单词“照过很多面”,不会对他的拼写很生疏,再加上一些发音知识,就会比较省力地记下单词的拼写。,3.联系上下文记单词,记
17、下一个单词的发音、拼写、词义,并不一定真正掌握了这个词,因为英语中有许多词是一词多意、一词多性或一词多音等,要真正掌握或判断其词义、词性等,只有依据句子,联系上下文来完成。实战证明:联系上下文记单词,既可在句子中准确了解单词的读音、词义和用法,又能利用上下文的联系来记单词,防止遗忘。,一词多意、一词多性或一词多音,联系上下文记单词,4.及时复习,经常复习,单词学得多了,时间一长就容易遗忘,这是不可避免的。防止遗忘的有效方法之一就是及时而经常地复习。复习方法可多种多样,依据个人情况而定。下面分别谈几种:4.1 归纳法 把同一词根的词类归结在一起。如 relate,relation,relatio
18、nship,relative,relativity,relatively 等。4.2 分类法 按类的意义分别记忆。如 lizard,snake,serpent,python,cobra,snail,rattlesnake,centipede,worm,spider 等。,归纳法,分类法,4.3 对比法 把反义词放在一起。如 heavy 和 light,thick 和 thin,buy 和 sell,near 和 far,high 和 low,short 和 long,forget 和 remember,wrong 和 right 等。4.4 辨识法 把同义、近义词放在一起进行辨识。如 many
19、,much,a lot of;close,shut,turn off,switch off;have to,must;because,since,for 等。4.5 比较各词的音型上的异同,防止混淆 如拼写上只有一个字母不同的词:light,fight,tight,right,night,might,sight;ball,bill,bell,boll,bull 等,音同形异意不同的词:sun 和 son;too 和 two 等。,辨识法,对比法,比较各词的音型上的异同,防止混淆,5.善于发现错误的记忆方式,英语中总会遇到一些单词,似乎是记下来了,但有时别人一打扰,自己立即会疑虑起来,感到有点吃
20、不准。如“烤鸭”是roast duck,还是 toast duck。遇到这种情况要勤查字典,字典是位知识渊博、百问不厌的老师。在字典上找到正确答案后,把她记在本子上,并根据自己的生活和学习经验,找出能够纠正错误记忆的有效方法。记单词要将机械记忆和理解记忆结合起来。记单词的方法很多,要在实践中找出适合自己的最佳途径,做到事半功倍。,勤查字典,英语中表示倍数增加的表达方法,(一)A is N times as great(long,much,)as B.A is N times greater(longer,more,)than B.A is N times the size(length,amo
21、unt,)of B.以上三句都应译为:A的大小(长度,数量,)是B的N倍.e.g.This book is three times as long as(three times longer than/three times the length of)that one.这本书的篇幅是那本书的3倍(即长两倍)。注:当相比的对象B很明显时,than(as,of)B常被省去。,(二)increase to n times increase n timesn-fold increase by n times increase by a factor of n以上四式均应译为:增加到n倍(或:增加n-
22、1倍)。e.g.The production of integrated circuits has been increased to three times as compared with last year.集成电路的产量比去年增加了两倍。e.g.The output of chemical fertilizer has been raised five times as against l986.化肥产量比1986年增加了4倍。e.g.That can increase metabolic rates by two or three times.那可使代谢率提高到原来的2倍或3倍(即提
23、高1倍或2倍)。e.g.The drain voltage has been increased by a factor of four.漏电压增加了3借(即增加到原来的4倍)。注:在这类句型中increase常被raise,grow,go/step up,multiply等词所替代。,(三)There is a n-fold increase/growth()应译为:增加n-倍(或增至n倍)。这个句型还有其它一些形式:e.g.A record high increase in value of four times was reported.据报道,价值破记录地增长了3倍。(四)double
24、(增加1倍),treble(增加2倍),quadruple(增加3倍)。()e.g.The efficiency of the machines has been more than trebled or quadrupled.这些机器的效率已提高了2倍或3倍多。(五)此外,英语中还有一种用again而不用倍数词来比较倍数的方法,如:A is as much(large,long,)again as B.(=A is twice as much(large,long,)as B.()应译为:A比B多(大,长,)1倍。A is half as much(large,1ong,)again as
25、B.(=A is one and a half times as much(large,1ong,)as B.)(11)应译为:A比B多(大,长)一半(即A是B的一倍半)。,详解“used to”结构,1.used to意为“过去经常;以前常常”,后接动词原形,表示过去的习惯。他过去常常在放学后踢足球。2.used to的否定形式和疑问形式可以借助于助动词did或自身形式构成他过去不经常抽烟。这里以前常有狼出没吗?,如:He used to play football after school.,如:He didnt use to smoke.=He used not/usednt to sm
26、oke.,Did there use to be wolves here?=Used there to be wolves here?,3.含有used to的反意疑问句的附加部分常借助于助动词did构成。如:她过去常常坐公共汽车去上班,是吗?她过去不做那种事,是吗?有时候在附加疑问部分中也可以使用usednt。如:这里过去有一家书店,是吗?相关拓展:used to do与be/get used to doing 的区别used to中的to是动词不定式的标志,后面只能跟动词原形,表示过去存在但现在已经停止的情况或习惯;be/get used to中的to 是介词,后面只能跟名词或v-ing形
27、式,意为“习惯于(做)”。如:我习惯于艰苦的工作。我的祖父习惯于早起。,She used to go to work by bus,didnt she?,She didnt use to do it,did she?,There used to be a bookshop here,usednt there?,Im used to hard work.,My grandfather is used to getting up early in the morning.,didnt use to used not to Did use to didnt he usednt he be washi
28、ng,跟踪练习 I.根据括号内的要求完成下面句子,每空一词,含缩写。1.Tom used to watch TV.(改为否定句)Tom _ _ _ watch TV.2.Helen used to play computer games a lot every day.(改为一般疑问句)_ Helen _ _ play computer games a lot every day?3.Eric used to be very thin.(改为反意疑问句)Eric used to be very thin,_ _?II.用括号内所给动词的适当形式填空。4.My sister used to _(
29、be)a nurse.5.Im used to _(wash)my face with cold water.,“that”用法大集合,that”是英语中使用频率极高的一个词,兼有代词、副词和连词等几个词性,既发挥实词的作用,又担当架构复杂句式的重任。在每年的高考试卷中,that的考查几乎是不可或缺的。,一个that,不同“身份”,请看下面一组句子,你能够辨清that的词性、词义和作用吗?1.The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from that spoken in England.2.Could
30、 you tell me how to get to Victoria Street?Victoria Street?That is where the Grand Theatre is.3.The thought of going back home was all that kept him happy while he was working abroad.4.A warm thought suddenly came to me that I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mothers birthday.,1
31、.用作代词,替代前面提到的单数不可数名词或概念,本句中代指the English;,2.用作代词,说明上面刚刚提到的人、事物、想法等,本句中代指Victoria Street;,3.关系代词,在限定性定语从句中代替先行词all,在从句充当主语;,4.从属连词,引导名词性从句,只起连接作用,无具体意义,在本句中是thought的同位语;,5.Pop music is such an important part of society that it has even influenced our language.6.Roses need special care so that they ca
32、n live through winter.7.It was in New Zealand that Elizabeth first met Mr.Smith.8.Sometimes it was a bit boring to work there because there wasnt always that much to do.,5.引导结果状语从句;,6.引导目的状语从句;,7.用于强调句型中,起连接作用;,8.程度副词,等于so。,由于在多个语法结构中,都涉及that的使用,而that又容易与其他相关的词或结构发生混淆,所以要真正掌握that的用法,必须把握好几组词和结构的区别。,
33、把握that,辨清区别,1.that和one,it 在使用作为代词的that时,要区别好它与one和it的区别。请看下面三个题目:1.The information on the Internet gets around much more rapidly than _ in the newspaper.A.it B.those C.one D.that 2.I prefer a flat in Inveneas to _in Perth,because I want to live near my Moms.A.one B.that C.it D.this 3.In my opinion,l
34、ife in the twenty-first century is much easier than _.A.that used to be B.it is used to C.it was used to D.it used to be,that,one和it的区别是:它们均代表前面说过的名词,但that代指单数不可数名词或概念,同类但并非同一个;one代指单数可数名词,同名异物;it代指同名同物。,2.定语从句的that和名词从句的that 定语从句的关系代词that在从句中有语法作用(做主语、宾语等),而名词从句中的从属连词that只是起连接名词从句的作用,本身没有词义,没有语法作用。
35、因此,区别that到底是引导定语从句还是名词从句,只要看其有没有语法作用即可。例如下面两个题目:1.Nobody believed the reason _he explained for being absent from the class.A.whyB thatC.asD.because 2.Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class _he had to meet his uncle at the air port.A.why B thatC.where D.because,第一个句子是定语从句,that代替先行
36、词reason,在从句中作宾语(he explained the reason);第二个句子是名词从句,that引导的从句做reason的同位语,是进一步说明reason的内容,that只起连接从句的作用,在从句中不担当任何成分。,3.高度警惕的几个陷阱 你不妨先试着回答下面几个题目:1.Harry Potter is such an interesting book _ everybody likes to read.A.that B.as C.which D./2.It was along the Mississippi River _ Mark Twain spent much of h
37、is childhood.A.how B.which C.that D.where 3.It was evening _we reached the little town of Winchester.A.that B.until C.since D.before4.Where did you get to know her?It was on the farm _ we worked.A.that B.where C.which D.there 5.He got his first book published.It turned out to be a bestseller.When wa
38、s that?It was in 2000 _he was still in college.A.that B.then C.which D.when,that后面everybody likes to read少了“it”,因此,这不是状语从句,而是由as引导的限定性定语从句。,是It wasthat的强调句。因为去掉这个结构,所保留的是个完整语句,即:Mark Twain spent much of his childhood along the Mississippi River,只不过使用强调结构来突出地点along the Mississippi River”。,时间状语从句选择bef
39、ore,,定语从句,选择where(关系副词,地点),定语从句,when(关系副词,时间),英语“穿衣”的区别,英语中表示“穿衣”的动词很多,在初中英语中我们就学习了dress,wear,put on,have on等表示“穿衣”的动词。你知道如何使用它们吗?,一、从所接宾语来看,dress 要接“人”作宾语(不接“衣”作宾语),而其余的则要接“衣”作宾语(而不接“人”作宾语)。她给婴儿穿衣服。她穿她母亲的大衣。出去时穿上外套。她穿着一件红色的短上衣。,She dressed the baby.,She was wearing her mothers coat.,Put your coat o
40、n when you go out.,She has a red jacket on.,二、从表示动作与状态来看,wear和have on 通常指穿着衣服的状态,put on 通常指穿衣的动作,而 dress 既可指动作也可以指状态。如:她穿着一件新衣服。赶快穿上衣服。她在穿衣服。她总是穿黑衣服。注:dress 还通常用于被动语态。如:这女孩衣着寒酸。他男扮女装。,She wore had on a new dress.,Put on your clothes quickly.,She is dressing herself.,She always dresses in black.,The
41、girl was poorly dressed.,He was dressed as a woman.,三、从所使用的时态和语态来看,wear 和 have on 虽然都可表示穿衣的状态,但wear可用于进行时态和被动语态,而have on却既不可用于进行时态也不可用于被动语态。如:他当时穿着一件新夹克。现在那样的衣服很少有人穿了。,He was wearing a new jacket.,Such clothes are not often worn nowadays.,四、其他用法上的区别,wear 除可表示穿衣外,还可表示戴表(花、纪念章等)以及留头发或胡须等,而dress,put on
42、 一般不这样用。如:他很少戴表。他留着长发。注:have on 有时也这样用。如:他们都戴着墨镜。,He seldom wears a watch.,He wears his hair long.,They all had dark glasses on.,初中英语“问”字句型,1.问天气:Whats the weather like?How is the weather?2.问时间:Whats the time,please?What time is it,please?3.问职业:Whats your father?Whats your fathers job?What does your
43、 father do?4.问价格:Whats the price of the book?How much is the book?How much does the book cost?How much should I pay the book?5.问年龄:How old are you?Whats your age?,6.问地址:Where do you live?Whats your address?7.问姓名:Whats your name?May I have your name?May I know your name?8.问词义:Whats the meaning of thi
44、s word?What does the word mean?What do you mean by this word?9.问单位:Where do you work?Which company are you working for?10.问爱好;Whats your hobby?What do you like best?Whats your favorite?,11.问感受:What do you think of the film?How do you like the film?12.问距离:How far is it from Beijing to Nanjing?How far
45、 away is it from Beijing to Nanjing?How many kilometres is from Beijing to Nanjing?13.问人口:Whats the population of China?How many people are there in China?How large?14.问尺寸:What size do you want?What size do you need?What size is your sweater?15.问数量:How many?How much?16.问路线:Can you tell me the way to
46、 the hospital?How can I get to the hospital?Where is the hospital,please?,难句解密,1.We havent got any at the moment.我们现在没有(这方面的书)。解析:have/has got与have/has同义,前者多见于英国英语(主要用于口语),后者多见于美国英语。句子变一般疑问句时,把have/has提前,变否定句时,在have/has后加not即可。例如:你(你兄弟)有电脑吗?我没有轿车。,Have you(Has your brother)got a computer?,I havent g
47、ot a car.,解析:yet在句中用作副词,意为“仍,至今”,用于疑问句和否定句中,常与现在完成时连用。例如:他们已经种完树了吗?我还没有完成作业呢。另外,yet还可作连词,意为“然而,但是”。例如:他努力工作,但是他失败了。,Have they finished planting the trees yet?,I havent finished my homework yet.,He worked hard,yet he failed.,2.Have you found the book?你找着那本书了吗?Not yet.Ive looked for it everywhere,but
48、I still cant find it.还没有,我找了好多地方,但仍然找不到。,3.Dont worry.Someone will probably find it and return it sooner or later.别着急,迟早会有人发现它并把它送还回来的。解析:return在本单元有两种用法:return在本句中是及物动词,意为“归还”,即give sth.back,其后接宾语,又因return本身就有again和back的含义,因此不能说return again或return back。例如:你已经把那本小说还给他了吗?他昨天把钱还给我了。return作不及物动词,意为“归来”
49、,其后不能直接跟宾语。return from.表示“从某地归来”;return to.表示“回到某地”。例如:他父母昨天从北京归来。.那位记者已经回到加拿大。,Have you returned the novel to him?,He returned the money to me yesterday.,His parents returned from Beijing yesterday.,The reporter has already returned to Canada,4.“Im afraid Ill have to pay for the lost books,”said Gr
50、andma sadly.“恐怕我得赔偿这些丢失的书了”,奶奶难过地说。解析:Im afraid(that).意为“恐怕”,表示对事情的一种担心或推测。例如:恐怕明天我不能来参加你的生日晚会了。pay for sth.意为“为某物付钱”或“为某事受到惩罚,付出代价”。注意:付的钱数应加在pay和for之间。例如:买这本字典我花了50块钱。人们不应该为自己没有做的事而受惩罚。,Im afraid I cant come to your birthday party tomorrow.,I paid 50 yuan for the dictionary.,People shouldnt pay fo